Using research instrumets

Using research instrumets

1. Questionnaires

   • It is used to measure the perception, satisfaction, attitudes or traits of people within the organization.
     • Types= Mixed Questionnaires: Closed Questionnaires Open Questionnaires
       • Issues
         • Clarity of Questions Motivation and Participation Development and Design Confidentiality
         • Data analysis
           • Análisis cualitativo , análisis cualitativo
             • Uses>Satisfaction Surveys Internal Opinion Research Needs Research Organizational Climate Assessment
               • Limitations

2. Interviews

   • They are commonly applied in social, psychological, market studies and in various other fields to obtain direct and personal opinions.

3. Group Interview Unstructured Interview Structured Interview In-Depth Interview Semi-structured Interview

   • Types
     • Procedures: Define objectives. Literature search. Selection of studies. Data extraction. Analysis and synthesis. Writing of results.
       • Data Analysis: Quantitative: Meta-analysis. - Qualitative: Identification of themes and patterns.
         • Uses: Identification of research gaps. Inform policy and practice. Guide future research.

4. Content Analysis

   • Method to analyze texts, images or audios in a systematic way.
     • Sources: Texts, media, audios, visuals.
       • Potential: Study of large volumes of data. Identification of communication trends.
         • Procedure: Define research questions. Identify units of analysis. - Develop coding scheme. Code content. Analysis and interpretation.
     • Quantitative Models: Frequency analysis. Correlation between categories. Qualitative Models: Thematic analysis. Discourse analysis.
       • Uses: Media studies. - Psychological research. - Marketing and advertising. Political science.

5. Focus Groups

   • Purposes: - To explore opinions and attitudes. Generate ideas and feedback. Evaluate concepts and messages. Identify problems and concerns.
     • Procedure: - Define objectives. Select participants. - Develop discussion guide. Conduct focus group. - Data analysis
   • Qualitative method to obtain perceptions in a small group of people.
   • Advantages: Obtaining in-depth information. Interactive and group dynamics
   • Uses: - Market research. - Product testing. - Service evaluation. - Political communication analysis.

6. Observations

   • Planning: Define what to observe. Select the environment and the participants.
   • A research method in which data are collected through direct observation of behaviors or events.
     • Data analysis: Coding of behaviors. - Identification of patterns or categories. Qualitative and quantitative analysis.
       • Conducting the Observation: Observing in natural context. Detailed recording of events
         • Issues: Observer effect. - Interpretation bias. Ethical challenges.
     • Uses: Study of behaviors in natural environments. Educational and psychological research. Evaluation of social interaction.

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