Zusammenfassung der Ressource
The Social Organization
of Deviance
- Best and Luckenbill (1980)
- Numbers of members
- task specializtion
- stratification within group
- Type of authority structure
- Colleagues
- homeless
- recreational drug users
- Con artists
- Peers
- neighborhood gangs
- Loners
- sexual asphyxiates
- Self-injurers
- Anorectics
- Bulimics
- Computers hackers
- pedophiles
- Crew
- Deviant group of 3-12 persons who band together to engage in
more sophisticated deviant acts with larger monetary payoffs
- theft
- smuggling
- hustling at gambling
- Formal Organizations
- larger than crews
- Cosa Nostra Mafia "families"
- Collumbian drug cartes
- 100 or more members
- etnically homogenous
- employ violence
- vertically and horizontally stratified
- infiltrate and corrupt law enforcement
- White Collar Crime
- directly related to those privileged
persons and groups in a position to
abuse financial, organizational or
political power
- may be financial but may also
extend to bodily injury and death
- Occupational Crime
- Pursued by persons action on theri own behalf
- employees at all levels of organization who may steal form their companies
- embezzlement
- Computer Crimes
- Enron
- Tyco
- WorldCom
- politicians may sell political power
- Marth Stewar
- Physiicians who overcharge with Medicare/Medicaid
- Organizational Crime
- designed to advance goals of the firm or agency
- False advertising
- fraud
- Antitrust Violations
- Corruption pertaining to government contract
- Unsafe products
- drugs
- auto and tire industry
- medical products
- Worker safety violations
- coal mining
- oil and chemical industries
- nuclear power plants
- pesticide manufacturers
- Government activity such as illegal
domestic or international police or
military operations
- Secret FBI files
- Iran Contra Scandal
- Secret CIA prisons
- Instrumental Drug Users
- Types of Drugs
- Licit
- pharmaceutical,
generally prescribed
- Illicit
- "street" drugs
- motivated to use predicated on
substances' specific effects
- women varied
according to temporal
nature
- reported disordered eating
before onset of drug use
- reported development of
non-normative wight
managing behaviors after a
period of drug use
- Typology of Users
- Conventional Over-Conformists
- reported history of disordered eating
prior to instrumental prescription
- Used more socially acceptable Rx
drugs instead of street drugs
- Overall motivation-achieving cultural ideal of
thinness, thus th goal was to conform
- Conforming became over conforming
- largest category in typology
- Scroungers
- reproted foundation of disordered
eating after turning to street drugs
for weight control
- drugs used were described as "dirty",
"unacceptable" & "inappropriate
- Access to drugs not as reliable
or consisiten, thus they
scrounged to find them
- second largest category of instrumental users
- Journeyers
- drug pattern "journeyed" or "evolved"
- Used Rx drugs recreationally or medicinally
prior to their instrumental use for weight
- comprised smaller typology
- Opportunists
- Engaged in substance use before they
turned into instrumental drug users
- Initially used street
drugs recreationally &
later instrumental
patters for weight
control purposes
- smallest catagory
- Solitary Deviance
- Loners & Secrecy
- Lies & secrecy employed by
participants in this research
- They kept their deviant
behaviors hidden
- Many feared if others found out about their
instrumental drug use, they would be forced to stop
- Chose loner lifestyle to avert potential negative consequences
- Online communities
("pro-anorexia" & "pro-bulimia")
provide community of support
that encourages their deviance
- Often embarrassed about methods of weight control
- Other methods employed by participants to control weight
- severe caloric restriction
- Episodes of bingeing & purging
- Laxative abuse
- Cigarette smoking
- Dishonesty in the course of medical care
- Obsessive thoughts about weight &
body management
- In general, research participants were
high achievers or perfectionists
- Honor Students
- College athletes
- Social Leaders
- Award winners
- future professionals
- Secrecy Among illicit Users
- frowned upon socially
- secrecy dropped when around others who engaged
- Secrecy Among licit Users
- Participants worried that instrumental drug use
would be associated with disordered eating
- obtaining their medications entailed lies & secrecy
- visiting campus clinic during the week
- Created alibis for such visits
- Individuals engaged in deviance alone a "loners"
(Best & Luckenbill 1980)
- sexual asphyxiates
- self-injurers
- substance abusing pharmacists
- embezzlers
- anorectics & bulimics
- Solitary Operators
- act alone & don't associate
with deviant others
- subcultural participants
- Acted alone but their behaviors heavily
influenced by group memberships (Prus & Grills, 2003)
- Social Isolation
- voluntary during episodes of drug use
- Fear of others finding out would
result in benefits of weight
control diminishing
- Practical Hurdles
- Health Consequences of Drug Use
- effects on their moods & energy level
- Financing Drug Use
- Cost varied depending on dosage
- Cyber Communities of Self-Injury
- Characteristics
- Those who cut, burn, brand, pick at, or
otherwise injure themselves in a deliberate
but non-suicidal attempt to achieve relief
by harming themselves
- early 2000's saw rise
- The Social Organization of Solitary Deviance
- Reasons for Self Injury
- Depression
- alienation
- rebellion
- malaise
- Formulation Deviant Ideology
- On their own in constructing meaning
- Social Isolation
- behavior viewed as private
- Practical Problems
- unable to anticipate peoples' reactions
- Normative Socialization
- Strain
- lack of support made deviants unstable
- Gender Gangs & Violence
- Gangs as Protection & Risk
- Girls suggest that being a gang member is a source of protection
- Gender & Status, Crime & Victimization
- established leaders as males
- being tough
- able to fight
- willing to "do dirt"
- Girls' Devaluation & Victimization
- Two crimes "off-limits" for girls
- drug sales
- drive-by shootings
- Drug use and Disordered Eating
among College Women
- Most research focuses on either
drug use or eating disorders
- Diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa & other
eating related medical syndromes skyrocketed during the
1970's