12-4: Mutations

12-4: Mutations

1. Gene Mutations

   • Frameshift Mutations
     • One nucleotide is changed, shift whole DNA sequence
     • Insertion and Deletion
   • Point Mutations
     • One nucleotide is changed, that codon changes only
     • Substitution

2. Chromosomal Mutations

   • mutations that affect whole chromosomes
   • Polyploidy: condition in which organisms have extra sets of chromosomes