Chapter 1

Chapter 1

Data, Information, Knowledge, Processing
1. Definitions
  1. Data
    1. Raw facts and figures that have no meaning, meaningless. Examples include 090909, FDKA021.3
  2. Information
    1. Processed data that means something
  3. Knowledge
    1. The application of information to a situation
  4. Processing
    1. Performing an action on the data;sorting, searching or editing the data
2. Turning Data into Information
  1. INFORMATION=DATA+[CONTEXT]+[STRUCTURE]+MEANING
  2. Data=14123, Context=UK£, Structure=nnn.nn, Meaning, £141.23 in bank
Representation Methods
1. Text
  1. Clear to understand, lots of detail
  2. Ability to read, language barriers, time consuming
2. Graphics
  1. No language barriers
  2. Directional, confusing if symbols not understood
3. Sound
  1. No fixed position, no sight required
  2. Can be distorted, language based, hearing abilitty
4. Animation
  1. A lot of information, not language based
  2. Linear, problems if sound dependent, need to be able to see
5. LED
  1. Secure data, noisy places, similar to graphics
  2. Directional, combinations need to be known
Data
1. Data Types
  1. Integer
    1. Whole numbers, 42
  2. Boolean
    1. One of two values, Yes/No
  3. Real
    1. Decimals, 12.6
  4. Date/Time
    1. Numbers and letters, December '12
  5. String
    1. Alphanumeric, telephone number
2. Data Sources
  1. Static
    1. Does not change
    2. Limited information, not quickly updated
    3. Does not need internet, more reliable
  2. Dynamic
    1. Can change
    2. Need internet, not always reliable
    3. Large volume of information, updated quickly
  3. Direct
    1. Physically collected by user
    2. Source is known, can be changed
    3. Not a large range, not always available
  4. Indirect
    1. Collected by someone else, used for a different purpose
    2. Large range of data, data from different locations
    3. Could be bias, not certain of accuracy
Quality of Information and Encoding
1. Accuracy
2. Relevance
3. Age
4. Level of detail
5. Completeness
6. Presentation
7. Encoding
  1. Less memory required, higher level of security
  2. Precision of data coarsened, codes need to be known
Validation and Verification
1. Ensures data is reasonable, sensible and within boundaries of rules
  1. Range check
  2. Type check
  3. Presence check
  4. Length check
  5. Look-up
  6. Picture check
  7. Check digit
2. Ensures data is entered correctly
  1. Errors
    1. Transcription; miscopied
    2. Transposition; numbers/letters round wrong way
  2. Double-Entry
    1. Compares two sets of manually entered data and informs user.
    2. If same mistake made twice then it wont be picked up
  3. Proof Read
    1. Paper copy compared with on-screen copy
    2. Difficult to transfer between paper and screen
Input, Processing, Output, Storage and Feedback
1. Input
  1. Entering into the system, manual/electronic
    1. Ticket request
2. Processing
  1. Action performed on data
    1. Search to find tickets
3. Output
  1. Outputting the input data
    1. "No tickets"
4. Storage
  1. Where the data is held
    1. Details of request
5. Feedback
  1. Output forms part of the input back into the system
    1. Put on waiting list for more tickets
Costs of Producing Information
1. Software
  1. Graphics, DTP, OS
2. Personnell
  1. Wages, training
3. Consumables
  1. Paper, ink,
4. Hardware
  1. Repair, storage, maintenance
Back-up and Archiving
1. Back-up is a copy of data and can be used to restore it. Stored on removable media and taken to another location
2. Archiving is moving data which is used for long term storage and for data that is not immediately required.

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