Zusammenfassung der Ressource
cultural variations
- van ijendoorn and kroonenberg
- procedure
- 32 studies of attachment
- eight countries
- aims
- intercultural differences?
- in different cultures and countries
- intracultural differnces
- in the same cultures and countries
- findings
- between cultures = small differences.
- except japan and israel
- within culture = variation 1.5 times greater.
- secure attachment= americas norm
- cultural similarities supports the view that attachment is an innate and biological process
- cultural similarities
- tronick et al
- african tribe EFE:
extended family groups
- babies breastfed by several women
- sleep with bio mum
- at six months still have one primary attachment
- cultural differences
- grossman&grossman
- found that german children children = insecure
- culture = interpersonal distance
between parents and children
- infants dont engage in
proximity-seeking behaviors
- appear insecure but considered secure in the culture
- takahashi
- rarely left alone
- opposite of g&g
- japan
- evaluation
- similarities may not be innately determined.
- mass media?
- exposed to similar influences
- tv programmes
- books (on parenting?)
- migrants
- increasingly global culture
- nation rather than culture
- subcultures
- van ijendoorn&sagi
- tokyo
- urban tokyo = attachment
like western studies (usa)
- rural tokyo = 'insecure-resistant'
- cross-cultural research.
- imposed etic
- designed in one culture and
imposed upon another
- japanese children may appear
insecure by western criteria but
secure by japanese standards
- the strange situation may lack validity
- culture bias
- rothbaum
- method AND theory issues
- rooted in american culture
- social and emotionally competent =
- exploration
- independance
- regulate emotion
- BUT
- japan = dependence vs independence.
- collectivist culture