Zusammenfassung der Ressource
ORGANIC MOLECULES
- LIPIDS
- fats, oils and waxes
- carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
- carry more energy
than either
carbohydrates and
proteins
- fats
- made up of two molecules
- fatty acids
- glycerol
- trigycerides
- common for of fats
- have a single glycerol
molecule and three fatty
acid molecules are attached
- have little to no affinity for water
- have little to no attraction to water
- insoluble in water
- phospholipids
- have two fatty acids
attached to a glycerol
moleclue
- CARBOHYDRATES
- Simple
- monosaccharides
- a single sugar unit
- glucose
- a poduct of photosynthesis
- carbondioxide + water -light- sugar + oxugen
- fruit sugar
- galactose
- mannose
- fructose
- derived from glucose;
combines with glucose to
form sucrose
- disaccharides
- formed when two
monosaccharides combine
- eg. fructose and
glucose = surcose
- sucrose
- form in which carbohydrate is
transported through plants
- made from the combination of fructose and glucose
- lactose
- maltose
- soluble in water
- Complex
- polysaccarides
- contain many sugar units
- insouluble in water
- glycogen
- is the form of energy storage in animals
- converted to glycogen by the
liver from glucose for storage
- liver can store about 100g
- muscle tissue can
store up to 300g
- if storage capacity of the liver and musclue
tissue is reached then it is converted into
fat storage
- starch
- glucose is distributed
around a plant in the
form sucrose
- starch is the cheif form
of storage for most
plants
- can occur in many
different sites
- potatos and ginger
store in modified
stems
- sweet potato stores in
modified roots
- onions store in modified leaves
- seeds store in their endosperm and
provide for the young plant until it
becomes established
- starch is stored in the form
of small grains
- can easily be converted
back to sugar and
transported to where the
plant needs it most
- cellulose
- every plant cell wall contains cellulose,
making it the most abundant of all the
biological molecules
- NUCLEIC ACIDS
- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- consists of a deoxyibose sugar
part, aphosphate part and an
N-chaining base
- consists of two chain
nucleotides that are
complementary to each other
and held together by hydrogen
bonds
- consists of G (guanine) C
(cytosine) A (adenine) T
(thymine)
- pairs
G+C
C+G
A+T
T+A
- chains of
nucleotide create
a double hellical
molecule
- the DNA double-helix
combines with certain
proteins to form a
chromosome
- chromosomes reside in the
nucleus of a cell, and the DNA
they contain carries genetic
instructions that control all
functions of the cell
- the DNA of a cell controls
what occurs in a cell through
the polypeptide chains that
the DNA causes to be
produced
- the sequence of nitrogen
bases along one of the
chains of nucleotides in a
DNA molecule carries a set
of information
- ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- polymer of nucleotides
- unpaired chain of nucleotide bases
- consists of G (guanine) C (cytosine)
A (adenine) U(uracil)
- consists of a ribose sugar part, a
phosphate part and an
N-chaining base
- messenger RNA
- carries genetic message to
ribosomes where the message is
translated into a particulart
protein
- ribsomal RNA
- together with
proteins, makes the
ribosomes found in
cytosol
- transfer RNA
- molecules that carry amino
acids to ribosomes where they
are used to construct proteins
- PROTEINS
- 18% of a living cell is protein
- monomers are amino acids
- all proteins contain of
nitrogen, hydrogen,
carbon, oxygen, sulfur
and phosphorus
- amino acids
- 20 naturally occurring
amino acids, only nine
cannot be produced by
the body
- 9 that cannot be made by
the body threonine,
isoleucine, methionine,
histidine, lysine,
phenylanine, valine,
trytophan, leucine
- alanine, arginine,
asparagine, aspartic acid,
cysteine, glutamic acid,
glutamine, glycine, proline,
serine, trysine
- when two amino acids join
together as a dipeide when
a peptide bond forms
between the amino group
of one amino acid and the
carboyl group of another
amino acid and a water
molecule is released
- when a number of amino acids join in
this way, a polypeptide is formed
- structures
- primary structure is the
specific linear sequence
of amino acids in the
protein
- secondary structure is
when amino acids are
folded in three ways.
- the major protein of
wool is alpha-keratin,
a spiral molecule.
- the major protein of silk is
fibroin, which is fully extended
ad lacks the coiling found in the
structure of wool. silk
molecules form a beta-pleated
sheet.
- the structure of any major
protein is called random coiling
if it doesn't fit into alpha or
beta coiling.
- tertiary structure refers to the total
irregular folding held together by
ionic or hydrogen bonds forming
complex shape such as that of
myoglobin
- quaternary structure
describes a structure in which
two or more polypeptide
chains interact to form a
protein.
- resulting structure eg. globular as
in heamoglobin or fibrous as in
collagen, the most common of
animal proteins
- types of proteins
- structural
- fibrous support tissue in skin.
bones, tendons, cartilage, blood
vessels, heart valves and cornea of
the eye eg, collagen, keratin
- enzyme
- catalyse
reactions eg.
ATP
synthase
- contractile
- muscle movement
eg. myosin, actin
- immunoglobulin
- defence against
disease eg. antibodies
- hormone
- regulate
bodyactivity
eg. insulin
- receptor
- respond to
stimuli eg.
insulin
receptors
- transport
- carry other molecules eg.
haemoglobin