ESL Approaches & Methods

ESL Approaches & Methods

1. CALLA

   • CALLA stands for Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach and is based on the cognitive approach to learning.
     • Focuses on strengthening curriculum, instruction, and teacher expertise
       • Strives to provide instruction to develop content subject knowledge and English proficiency and literacy
         • Focuses on learning through social interaction and cultural context.
           • Uses developemtally appropriate language instruction
             • Focus on prior knowledge and CALP development in L1 and L2 when related to content area
       • CALLA has three integrated components: content, academic language development, and learning strategies.
         • Explicit instruction suggested from the following learning strategies: metacognitive, cognitive, and social/affective
   • Instructional concepts of CALLA
     • Literacy Across the curriculum: teaches language in every subject
       • Language Experience Approach: develops initial language and literacy
         • Balanced Reading Approach: provides both phonics and whole language skills
           • Process Writing: writing in all subjects
             • Cooperative Learning: explicit learning strategy where students work with peers to accomplish a task
               • Inquiry based approaches: students investigate problems of personal interest
                 • Standards- Based Instruction: make sure all lessons are based on standards and these standards/expectations are well communicated to the students

2. ICB Method

   • ICB stands for the Integrated Content-Based Instruction method
     • Based on the communicative approach of learning, which includes an emphasis on communication, authentic use of literacy in context, and strengthening of all four literacy domains.
       • Language acquisition and content learning should not be separate acts of teaching.
         • Should incorporate higher order thinking skills
   • Instructional Concepts of the ICB method
     • Select a theme to guide the framework of the lesson. Choose topics relevant to the theme.
       • Topics should be maximize planning and appropriate instruction of the lesson for EL students.
         • Language and content objectives should be chosen to guide instruction. They should stem from students prior knowledge and background experiences.
           • Arrange the classroom environment in a way to maximize student engagement. Be sure to accommodate multiple types of student grouping.
             • Integrate literacy and engage students cognitively in all aspects of the lesson.
               • Provide visual support and graphic organizers
                 • Provide formative and summative assessment for students to examine language and content development.

3. SIOP Method

   • SIOP stands for the Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol
     • Includes an emphasis on all literacy skills of language.
       • Content knowledge and L2 development are goals
         • Focuses on terminology for content area and core, grade level curriculum.
           • Content and ESL standards guide instruction.
   • Instructional concepts of SIOP
     • SIOP method uses strategies such as hands on activities, cooperative learning, guarded vocabulary, and visual support to maximize instruction.
       • Scaffolding instruction is recommended while the EL student's linguistic abilities increase. Scaffolds are gradually removed to provide more responsibility to the student.
         • Creation of meaningful activities and adapting the content to be culturally relevant help students to become more successful.
           • Building background knowledge and making input comprehensible for students are two critical aspects of the SIOP model for instruction,
             • Students must be given opportunities to interact and practice the skills they are learning.
     • Sheltered instruction strategies and techniques are applicable to both EL students and grade level students.
       • Teachers should incorporate support of content objectives, support of language objectives, appropriate engagement, and appropriate pacing in the delivery of the instruction.

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