Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Anatomy and Physiology
- The Skeleton
- Cranium
- Clavicle
- Humerous
- Sternum
- Radius
- Phalanges
- Fibular
- Scapular
- Carpals
- Femur
- Tarsal
- Vertebrae
- Patella
- Tibia
- Metatarsals
- Calcaneous
- Pelvis
- Ulna
- Metacarpals
- Muscles e.g.
- Pectoralis major/minor
- Vastus Laterallis
- rectus femoris
- Tricep brachii
- Obliques
- Bicep Femoris
- Bicep Brachii
- Rectus Abdominus
- Illiopsoas
- Vastus Intermedialis
- Vastus Medialis
- Tibialis anterior
- Erector Spinae
- Posterior deltoid
- Gastrocnemius
- Wrist extensors
- semi-membranosus
- semi-tendonusus
- Wrist Flexors
- Movement types
- Abduction- moving away
from the midline of the
body
- Adduction- moving towards
the midline of the body
- Circumduction- a body part moves
from the anatomical position
- Pronation- the radio ulna joint- the palm
faces backwards or downwards
- Subination- the radio ulna joint- the palm faces
forwards or upwards
- Dorsiflexion- the foot moves towards the shin
- Plantarflexion- the foot moves away
from the shin
- Lateral flexion- bending sideways at the
waist
- Three types of motion
- Linear- movement along a straight/curved line where all
parts have the same speed, direction and distance e.g. skeleton
- Angular- movement around a fixed point/axis e.g. a wheel's
rotation in cycling
- General- combination of linear and angular e.g.
long jump
- Types of force
- Direct- force is applied through the object's centre of mass,
resulting in linear motion e.g. striking the centre of a football
- Eccentric- force is applied outside the centre of mass resulting in
angular motion e.g. striking the edge of a football
- Newton's Laws of Motion
- Inertia- "a body/object continues in a state of rest or uniform
velocity unless acted on by an external force" e.g. kicking a static
football
- Acceleration- "the rate of change of momentum of an object is directly
proportional to the force applied to it" e.g. kicking the ball harder means it
travels faster
- Action and reaction- "for every action and reaction there is an equal and opposite
reaction" e.g. the force the ball exerts onto the tennis racket is exerted back onto
the racket
- Stablility
- how difficult it is to
disturb a body from a
balanced position
- Centre of mass= the point at
which the body is balanced in
all directions
- Base of support= an imaginary
line around everything in
contact with the ground
- Line of gravity= a line
travelling from the
centre of mass
vertically to the
ground
- The heart
- The Cardiac Cycle
- The Conduction System
- Heart rate= the amount of
heartbeats in a minute
(average is 70-72bpm)
- Stroke Volume= the volume of
blood that leaves the heart each
beat (average 70ml)
- Coronary Heart Disease
- Arteriosclerosis
- Atherosclerosis
- Angina
- Heart attack
- Cardiac output= the volume of
blood that leaves the heart per
minute (average 4900ml)
- Venous Return
- Starling's Law
- Maintaining Venous Return
- Pocket Valves
- One way valves in the veins prevent
backflow of blood and direct it
towards the heart
- Muscle Pump
- Veins are found between skeletal
muscles, which when
contracting/relaxing push/squeeze blood
to the heart
- Respiratory Pump
- Breathing becomes
deeper/faster during
exercise, increasing
pressure in the
abdomen, squeezing
large veins and forcing
blood back to the heart
- Smooth Muscle
- Contraction/relaxation of smooth
muscle in the middle layer of the
vein walls helps push blood through
the veins
- Gravity
- Blood from the upper body
is aided by gravity as it
descends to the heart
- Blood Pooling
- Blood Pressure
- Resistance
- The friction of the blood cells as they travel against the vessel
wall; this is termed viscosity (fluid friction)
- Exercise
- The pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls
- If there is insufficient pressure to push deoxygenated blood
back to the heart, blood will sit in the pocket valves of veins
- Blood pooling is often described as a feeling of heavy legs
- Cardiac Control Centre (CCC)
- Neural Control
- Proprioreceptors which detect muscle
activity change, chemoreceptors
which detect chemical change and
baroreceptors that detect the
stretching of blood vessel walls
- Hormonal Control
- Before/during exercise, adrenaline
is released from the adrenal glands
to directly stimulate the SA node,
increasing HR and SV
- Intrinsic Control
- Detects an increase in temperature and
venous return as exercise increases and
vice versa
- Located in the Medulla
Oblongata, it controls HR and
SV. The CCC is involuntary
and is controlled by the ANS
- ANS is divided into
sympathetic, which
increases HR, and
parasympathetic,
which decreases HR.
- The VCC and Vascular Shunt Mechanism
- Transport of O2 and CO2
- Vascular effects of a Warm Up
- Vasoconstriction of arterioles/pre-capillary
sphincters to restrict blood flow to organs and vice versa
- Decrease in onset of blood lactate
accumulation due to early anaerobic activity
onset
- Increase in temperature decreases
blood viscosity to improve blood flow
- Increased temperature increases
enzyme transportation required
for energy systems and muscle
contraction
- Vascular effects of a Cool Down
- Elevates metabolic activity to
gradually decrease HR and BR
- Maintains blood flow to continue
supply of oxygen and maintain
blood pressure
- Maintains respiratory + muscle pumps
for venous return and blood pooling
prevention
- Dilates capillaries to flush muscles with
oxygenated blood + increase lactic acid ad
C02 removal
- Oxygen= 3% blood plasma + 97%
oxyhaemoglobin
- Carbon Dioxide= 7% blood plasma +
23% carbominahaemoglobin + 70%
carbonic acid
- Respiration System
- Mechanics of Breathing