Roots

Roots

1. Demographic Changes in UK

   • Birth rates
     • Post war baby boom, 20 years past the Second World War men came back home and started a family which generated a huge increase on the poluation.
       • Most elderly people were born during the 'Baby Boom' which is why there is such a large elderly population.
     • Currently declining becuase of the change in women's roles / careers / childcare / education / equality / mechanisation
     • In 1971 the average age of mothers was 26. In 2002 the age was 29.
     • Governement provided contraception, legal abortion, family planning clinics, contraceptive pill (1960's)
     • NHS in 1948 increased the life expecancy because of the increase in wealth.
   • Death rates
     • Decreasing due to better healthcare and standards of living
     • The NHS take good care of elderly people, they are put in to good homes or in to hospital if they have any problems
     • The UK are rank 61 with other countries in terms of death their rates
     • Improvements in technology is another reason why death rates are decreasing.
   • Family tree
     • Birth rates decreased
     • Change from primary jobs (mining) to tertiary (Businessmen) and quaternary (lawers) as people become more skilled.
     • Increase in wealth
     • Divorce rates increase
     • More single people
     • Leaving home sooner- leaving to go in to further education
     • a greater need for afforable housing for single people
   • Aging population
     • Solutions
       • Increasing the pension age from 60-80
       • Making people work for longer and earn more money towards their retirement
       • Giving the elderly small low skilled jobs (charity shops, ticket offices)
     • Oppertunities
       • Disposable income
       • Greater wisdom
       • More involvment in politics
     • Problems
       • Costing the government a lot of money
       • Taking up a lot of the counties housing and jobs
       • Waiting lists for hostpitals
       • Consumption of food, goods, clothes and leisure
     • Employment Changes
       • Shorter retirement periods, people have to work up to an older age
       • Decline in primary (mining) and secondary (decorators)
     • this is caused by low birth rates, low death rates and an increase to life expectancy because the births don't replace the elderly dying.

2. Migration

   • Managing Migration (5 tier system)
     • Tier 1
       • Highly skilled migrants
     • Tier 2
       • Skilled workers with job offers
     • Tier 3
       • Low skilled workers for temporary labour
     • Tier 4
       • Students
     • Tier 5
       • Young workers (youths) and temporary workers
   • Post colonial
     • When?
       • Attracting migrants from our ex colonies (In the British Empire)
       • Attraction began in the 1960's
     • Where?
       • France
         • It has always been a country of net migration, with more people moving into France than moving out.
       • United Kingdom
         • When the British empire was at its most powerful, over a third of the worlds population level under British rule.
         • The vast majority of immigrants to the UK are from former colonies, most notably from the caribbean and the Indian subcontinent,
           • ...although there have also been substantial flows from Kenya and South Africa
       • Germany
         • After the World War 2 Germany had a chronic shortage of workers to rebuild its cities.
           • It attracted migrants from many countries by instigating liberal asylum wars.
             • Most of the migrants were Turkish, Asian and African
       • Netherland
         • The Dutch, like all European countries, was short of unskilled labour after the Second World War.
           • It actively recruited migrants from its colonies, especially from Indonesia after its decolonization in 1949.
             • In the 1950's the Dutch changed from a country of net emigration to a country of immigration because of the influx of economic migrants
     • Where the EU is attracting migrants from our ex colonies (British Empire)
   • Post Accession
     • Poland to UK
       • Push
         • Low salaries - £200 a month
         • 20-25% unemployment
         • 40% young medics move away
         • Grad students earn £220 a month
         • Poland left with aging population
         • Brain drain
         • 26 year old teacher earned £200 in Poland. Hands out leaflets in London and gets £600
       • Pull
         • Workers earn 6 times more in the UK
         • Better standard of living
         • Child benefits
         • Better healthcare
         • Recruiting agencies help people find jobs
       • Impacts
         • Poland
           • Positives
             • In Poland legislation is being drafter to try and encourage the Polish to return home by offering them more lucrative salaries
             • Polish magazines launched a scheme called 'Stay with us' sponsored by Polands biggest
             • In 2005, 20% of construction jobs could not be filled. But by 2007 this figure had risen to 35% due to shortage of workers cause by migration
           • Negatives
             • Brain drain - loss of skilled workers in Poland
         • England
           • Negatives
             • The Polish prefer to shop in small local shops run by the Polish community, so they are no intergrating with British societies
           • Positives
             • The migrants have fuelled Economic growth
             • Polish workers are hard working and have positive attitudes that are praised by large organisations, like Sainsbury's and National Farmer's Union
             • Polish have amazing impacts on Catholic Churches.
             • Low interest rates have helped all UK residents with mortgages
     • People migrating after joining the EU
   • Retirement migration
     • Uk to Spain
       • Push
         • Bad weather in the UK (mostly rain)
         • High costs of living
         • Taxes
         • Government
         • Over population
         • Crime and drug rates
       • Pull
         • Hot sunny weather
         • Warm climate
         • Spanish/ latin culture
         • Cheaper living costs e.g. food
         • Peaceful and quiet landscapes
         • More relaxed lifestyle
         • Better leisure activities (like golfing)
       • Impacts
         • Possitives
           • Purpose built retirement homes are built for people in good health
           • Using small local businesses so benefitting some workers
           • Creating a variaty of culture
           • There are fewer old to take car of in the UK
           • Reduces pressure on bulding new homes,
         • Negatives
           • For retired people there can be a lack of care
           • Healthcare costs can be high
           • Coastal developement is ruining the natural beauty and peace and quiet
           • Water supply becoming an issue as urbanisation exceeds resources
           • Spadiards feel the English do not integrate, the don't get involved with the local cultures and they inflate house prices
           • Spliting up families