Geography

Geography

1. COASTAL ZONES

   • TYPES OF WAVE
     • DESTRUCTIVE
       • Weak Swash
       • Strong Backwash
     • CONSTRUCTIVE
       • Strong Swash
       • Weak Backwash
   • KEYWORDS
     • SWASH
       • When the wave first reaches the shore. Swashes travel up the beach/shore in the direction of the wave. Destructive waves have WEAK swashes and Constructive waves have STRONG swashes
     • Backwash
       • The backwash is after the swash. Backwashes travel back down the beach and can deposit waste and minerals along the beach. Destructive waves have STRONG swashes and Constructive waves have WEAK swashes
     • FETCH
       • The distance of the wind that has blown over the surface of the water
   • WEATHERING
     • MECHANICAL
       • Saltcrystals causes stress in the small Cracks and expand the rock
     • BIOLOGICAL
       • Plants cause the rock to break e.g with, roots, stems, branches
     • CHEMICAL
       • Acidic Rainfall dissolves and damages rocks, making them weak
   • MASS MOVEMENT
     • SLUMPING: When a cliff slowly erodes away and makes small layers of cliff erode off over time. Clay and chalk cliffs are most likely to be effected
     • SLIDING: The erosion of rocks near the top end of the cliff, making huge boulders drop and roll to the bottom of the cliff
   • CLIFF FORMS
     • CLIFF: A large formation of rock surrounded by water
     • CRACK: A small amount of damage that could have been caused by freeze-thaw or Hydrualic power
     • CAVE: A huge crack expansion that has caused a giant hole in the cliff
     • ARCH: Massive amounts of erosion (mainly sub-aerial) has effected the cliff, leaving two connected pillars
     • PILLAR: A tall standing body of rock that is the remains of an Arch
     • STACK: A smaller version of a pillar that has been battered by Abrasion and Attrition
     • STUMP: A small formation of rock that barely reaches over the water
     • REEF: A small platform of rock that is submerged in water
     • COASTAL RETREAT: The final stage of cliff erosion
   • CASE STUDIES
     • MALDIVES COAST
       • Located in the Indian ocean, and is a tiny island with many places of Special Scientific Interest (SSIs) and can be submerged in water easily if the glaciers keep melting. Popular tourist attraction
     • HAPPISBURGH
       • Located on Norfolk's coastline - Subject to masses of cliff erosion. Many houses are getting lost in the sea and Happisburgh is having trouble installing Both hard and soft egineered defenses

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