Quantum Mechanics

Quantum Mechanics

1. Quantum Numbers

   • First
     • Principle
       • n
       • 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
       • shell (energy level)
   • Second
     • Azimuthal (Orbit)
       • l
       • 0,1,..., n-1
       • subshell (shapes: s, p, d, or f)
   • Third
     • Magnetic
       • m(l)
       • Orbital (3D orientation: px, py, pz)
       • -l to l
   • Fourth
     • Spin
       • m(s)
       • 1/2 or -1/2
       • spin (up,down)

2. Pauli Exclusion Principle

   • no 2 electrons in the same atom can have the same 4 quantum numbers.

3. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

   • (delta)x*(delta)p _> h/2
   • Inherent uncertainty in the product of the position of a particle and its momentum.
     • Uncertainty arises from the dual nature of matter.

4. Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Elements

   • Paramagnetic
     • Elements with unpaired electrons (e.g. Lithium). Meaning a subshell is not completely filled
       • Spin of each unpaired electron is parallel to the others
         • The electrons will align with an external magnetic field
   • Diamagnetic
     • Elements with no unpaired electrons (e.g. Helium).
       • Unresponsive to an external magnetic field

5. KE = hf - (phi) excess = energy in - energy out