Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Music Concepts
- Renaissance (1450 - 1600)
- Vocal
- Sacred
- Plainchants: no accomp, Catholic, no regular time metre, organum
- (organum: two parts moving together, the same distance apart)
- Mass: polyphonic, Catholic, Latin, Kyrie etc
- Motet: polyphonic, Latin, no Kyrie etc
- Anthem: like a Motet but in English, a capella or with an organ accomp
- Secular
- Madrigal: several voices, through composed, polyphonic, word-painting
- Ballett: strophic, 'fa la la', more homophonic than madrigal
- Ayre/Air: simple melody, solo with accomp or voices (harmony) with no accomp
- Instrumental
- Pavan: dance, steady, 2 beats in a bar
- Galliard: dance, lively, 3 beats in a bar
- General Sound
- modal but a few accidentals, rich, harmony and imitation, textures blending
- Baroque (1600 - 1750)
- Vocal
- Sacred
- Oratorio: large, vocals & instruments, like an opera
- Cantata: small oratorio, closes with chorale
- Chorale: hymn tune, German, SATB, homophonic
- Passion: German, about crucifixion
- Secular
- Opera: recitatives, arias, choruses
- Recitative: sung/speech, story telling, accomp
- Aria: song
- Da Capo Aria: ABA ternary, 2nd A singer decorates
- (recitatives etc also in sacred - oratorio)
- Instrumental
- Concerto Grosso: large, concertino, ripieno, antiphonal
- Concerto: solo with orchestral accomp, ritornello
- Chaconne/Passacaglia: dances, variation ground bass
- Fugue, 3 or 4 parts, imitation, contrapuntal
- 1) Subject: main theme, tonic key
- 2) Answer: imitation of main theme, dominant key
- Real Answer: note for note transposition of the subject
- Tonal Answer: intervals altered to avoid dissonance
- 3) Episodes: subject not played
- Stretto: voices/instruments enter v. quickly one after the other
- Oveture: short intro
- Italian Overture: 3 movements. fast slow fast, often trumpet
- French Overture: 2 movements, slow to fast, 2 beats to 3, sometimes slows again
- Suite
- Allemande: 4/4, moderate
- Courante: 3/2 or 6/4, quite fast
- Saraband: 2nd beat emphasised, triple time
- Gigue: 3/4or 6/8 or 9/8, moderate/fast
- Minuet: triple metre, moderate
- Bourree: 2/4, lively
- Prelude: instrumental, intro
- Chorale Prelude: short, organ, intro for congregation singing
- General Sound
- polyphonic, major & minor, ornaments
- Classical
(1750 - 1820)
- Sonata: solo piano or
solo inst. and piano
- Sonata Form
- Exposition: 2
contrasting themes
- Development: ideas developed
- Recapitulation: repeats
exposition with slight
changes
- Coda: end, fancy
- Scherzo: joke,
lively, quick
- Requiem
Mass: mass
for the dead
- General Sound
- more homophonic than
Baroque, dynamics,
bigger orchestra
- Romantic (1810 - 1910)
- Instrumental
- Programme Music:
tells a story
- Symphonic/Tone
Poem: orchestral, based
on a story
- Nationalist: patriotic,
traditional/folk elements
- Late Romantic:
Huge scale
choirs/orchestras
- Vocal
- Lied: solo voice &
piano, both equally
important, German
- Song Cycle:
a group of
songs linked
by common
theme or
same
composer,
piano or
ensemble or
orchestral
accomp
- Spechgesang:
weird, speech
song
- (also instrumental) Leitmotiv:
musical idea/theme that
represents a character
- General Sound
- intensely emotional
with dramatic contrasts
- 20th Century
- Impressionism: whole tone scales, dreamy
- Jazz Influence: syncopation, blues notes, muted brass
- Jazz Funk: jazz improv,
solos & riffs, funk, R & B,
soul
- Atonality: no key, tuneless
- Serialism: 12
numbered notes of
chromatic scale
(tone row),
transposed inverted
or played in
retrograde but
always in the same
order
- Neo-Classicism:
classical style
with more
dissonance etc
- Musique
Concrete:
natural
sounds
transformed
- Aleatory Music: disorganised,
sections played in what order
the performers choose
(individually)
- Minimalism: simple 'tune' constantly repeated with slight variation
- Melodic
- Harmonic Minor: regular minor scale
- Melodic Minor: played
differently on the way down
- Microtone: smaller than a
semi-tone
- Tritone: interval of
augmented 4th eg C to F
- Ornaments
- Mordent: 3
notes, main
above main
or main
below main
- Turn: 4 notes,
above main
below main or
vice versa
- Appoggiatura:
sounds podgy,
takes up 1/2 note
value
- Acciaccatura:
sounds crushed,
v. quick
- Harmonic
- Plagal Cadence: sounds finished, 'amen'
- Interrupted Cadence: not finished
- Added 6th: 6th note added to normal chord, jazz music
- Dominant 7th: needs to be resolved
- Diminished Chord: beginning of 'I Will Survive'
- Major 7th: jazzy, dreamy
- Augmented Chord: not
used to sound, slightly
dissonant, needs to go
somewhere
- Rythmic
- Irregular Metres: frequent change in
time signature, accents in different
places
- Three Against Two: triplets vs quavers
- Hemiola: classical,
impression of change from
duple to triple time or vice
versa
- Augmentation: lengthening
note value, music sounds
slower
- Diminution:
shortening note
value, music
seems quicker
- Structural
- Basso Continuo: Baroque
bass line, cello bassoon bass
etc
- Ritornello: little return
- Antiphonal: sort of call
and response
- Inversion: music is
mirroredeg treble clef C E D
to bass clef C B A
- Retrograde: goes backwards
- Retrograde Inversion: backwards and upside down
- Timbre
- Concertino: small
group of instruments,
Baroque
- Consort: small group of instruments from
the same family (eg viols), renaissance
- Coloratura: scales, runs and ornaments by a singer
- Harmonics: v. high note on string instruments
- Cadenza: soloists 'showing off' in a concerto with no accomp