STANDARDS- RECONST. I-II

STANDARDS- RECONST. I-II

1. VALIDITY

   • if and only if it's not possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false.
     • an argument can be GOOD and be invalid and viceversa
     • validity depends on posibility, not on actual reality
   • false premises and a true conclusion: Our solar system contains less than 5 planets. Therefore, our solar system contains less than 50 planets (valid)
     • false premises and a false conclusion: Our solar system contains less than 4 planets. Therefore, our solar system contains less than 5 planets (valid)

2. SOUNDNESS

   • 1. The argument must be valid. 2. The premises must be true.

3. GET DOWN TO BASICS

   • REMOVE EXCESS OF VERBIAGE
     • REPETITIONS
       • TANGENTS or red herrings
     • ROAD MARKERS: repeating how important the issue is
   • EXAMPLES
   • BE CAREFUL with assuring-guardian terms
   • put it in STANDARD FORM

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