memory2

memory2

1. Retrieval

   • Often occurs without effort Tip-of –the-tongue phenomenon ( william james coined) • temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it is just out of reach • demonstrates retrieval failure
   • Facilitating Retrieval
     • Retrieval cues • can facilitate retrieval
       • Some ways to assess memory
         • Recall tasks • participant reproduces items that studied earlier – free recall, serial recall (in order)
         • Recognition tasks • participants judge whether items were presented earlier • participants judge whether items were presented in same location earlier
           • brain surgery to reduce frequency of epileptic seizures => unfortunate side effect • STM is OK, new learning is impaired
             • Interpretation • HM cannot consolidate information in LTM Consolidation • process involving gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in LTM
     • Reinstating the context • providing cues about the context in which an event occurred

2. Forgetting

   • Ebbinghaus (1880s) memorized the serial order of nonsense syllables (e.g., zuf, pob), and tested his memory at various intervals after learning . The forgetting curve
   • why do we forget
     • • No attention => no encoding => pseudo forgetting
     • Decay => traces fade with time => forgetting •
     • Shallow processing, no elaboration, no use of imagery => ineffective encoding => forgetting •
     • Interference => competition from other material => forgetting
       • Proactive Interference (PI) • old learning interferes with new learning
       • Retroactive interference • new learning interferes with old learning
         • neuroanatomy
           • Medial temporal region: consolidation of explicit declarative information.
           • Frontal lobes: working memory, procedural, and aspects of episodic memory.
           • Posterior regions: creating mental representations.
     • Motivated forgetting – tendency to forget things one does not want to think about – anxiety-producing material is remembered less well than emotionally-neutral material
     • Repression – keeping distressing thoughts & feelings buried in the unconscious (Freud)
       • Information in LTM is organised
         • Schema • an organised cluster of knowledge about a particular object or sequence of events • can facilitate encoding, storage & retrieval
         • Reconstructive nature of memory
           • • information retrieved is usually not an exact copy of what was encoded • schema theories of memory emphasise the reconstructive nature of memories • schemas can assist recall • schemas can make recall less accurate
             • Misinformation effect- Loftus and palme- Ps in smash group were more likely than those in the contact group to report seeing broken glass (32% vs 14%) Interpretation • Post-event information was incorporated into participants’ memory of the event • Ps’ memory was modified in different ways
               • • presence of broken glass is more consistent with a cars smashing schema than with a cars contacting schema • everyday application • wording of questions used by police investigators or lawyers can alter witness’s memory of the incident • eye-witness memory for details might be less reliable than is generally assumed
           • Amnesia
             • extensive memory loss that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting
               • Retrograde amnesia • person loses memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma
               • Anterograde amnesia • person loses memories for events that occur after the injury. New learning is impaired.

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