Higher Chemistry - Unit 2

Section 5 - Hydrocarbons and Fuels
1. Name and Structure
  1. Branched
  2. Alkynes
  3. Cycloalkanes
  4. Alkenes
  5. Alkanes
2. Addition Reactions
  1. Hydrogenation
    1. +H2
  2. Hydration
    1. +H2O
  3. Test for unsaturation
    1. +Br2
  4. Halide atoms
    1. H-X
3. CFCs
  1. Destroy Ozone layer
    1. Ozone (O3)
      1. Absorbs UV rays
  2. From old fridges and aerosols
4. Renewable Fuels
  1. Hydrogen
  2. Alcohols
    1. Advantages
    2. Disadvantages
  3. Biogas
    1. CH4
5. Aromatics
  1. Benzene
    1. Structure
      1. C6H6
    2. Properties
      1. Saturated
      2. Increases octane no.
      3. Carcinogenic
      4. Does not conduct electricity
6. Petrol
  1. Blend of hydrocarbons
  2. Hydrocracking
  3. Reforming
  4. Octane no.
    1. Branched
    2. Cyclic
    3. Aromatic
Section 6 - Alcohols and Carbonyls
1. Diols
2. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
3. Ethanol
  1. Uses
  2. Production
    1. Fermentation
    2. From ethene
4. Alkanol family
  1. Uses
  2. Propeties
  3. Structures
5. Oxidation Reactions
  1. Tertiary do not oxidise
  2. Secondary
    1. Ketone
      1. None
  3. Primary
    1. Aldehyde
      1. Carboxylic acid
6. Reagents
  1. Tollen's Reagent
    1. Silver mirror
  2. Acidified Potassium Dichromate
    1. Orange to blue
  3. Fehling's Reagent
    1. Blue to brick-red
  4. Hot Copper Oxide
    1. Black to brown
Section 7 - Esters, Oils and Fats
1. Soaps
  1. Making soaps from fatty acids
    1. Alkaline hydrolysis
      1. NaOH
2. Oils and Fats
  1. Structure (glycerol)
  2. Properties
    1. Saturated or unsaturated
3. Esters
  1. Naming
  2. Making (PPA)
  3. Structure
  4. Functional group
  5. Breaking
    1. Hydrolysis
Section 8 - Polymers
1. Protein Structure
  1. Fibrous
    1. Helix
    2. Sheet
  2. Globular
2. Enzymes
  1. Optimum pH = 7-9
  2. Optimum temperature = 37
  3. Lock and key
  4. Outside optimum conditions, enzymes are denatured
3. Proteins
  1. Broken up by hydrolysis
  2. Condensation polymers
  3. Contain an -NH2 + -COOH group
  4. Made up of amino acid monomers
  5. Analysed with chromatography
4. Condensation Polymers
  1. Starch
    1. Glucose
  2. Polyesters
    1. Diol + Diacid
  3. Polyamides
    1. Nylon
    2. Diamine + Diacid
    3. Contain a peptide link
5. Specialised Polymers
  1. Biopol
    1. Polyester
    2. Biodegradable
    3. Surgical stitches
  2. Bakelite
    1. Thermosetting
    2. Cross-linked
  3. Polyvinylcarbazole
    1. Addition
    2. Photoconducting
    3. Photocopiers
  4. Kevlar
    1. Bulletproof vests
    2. Loss of HCl but still condensation
  5. Polyethenol
    1. Ester exchange
    2. Surgical stitches
  6. Polyethyne
    1. Addition
    2. Conducts electricity

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Higher Chemistry - Unit 2

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