Carbohydrates

Part of the organic biomolecules
Functions
1. Precursors
  1. Of certain lipids, amino acids, purines, pyramids & vitamins
2. Structural
  1. Ex: cellulose in plants, bacterias & fungi
3. Energy
  1. Ex: glycogen broken down
4. Reserve
  1. Ex: glycogen
5. Recognition Signals
  1. Involved in cell recognition
    1. Ex: coagulation, hormone recognition
Bonds
1. Glycosidic Bond
  1. -Covalent bond, joins a carbohydrate to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate
Chemical reactions
1. Reduction
  1. Produces sugar alcohol
    1. Alditols
2. Esterification
  1. Usually performed by treating the carbohydrate with an acid chloride or an acid anhydride in the presence of a base
3. Mutarotation
  1. Conversion between alpha and beta forms when monosaccharides are dissolved in water
4. Oxidation
  1. Presence of oxidizing agents monosaccharides pass through several oxidation rxn.’s
    1. Produce
      1. Uronic acid
      2. Aldaric acid
      3. Aldonic acid
Nomenclature
Classification
Isomerism
1. L and D isomers
  1. - Fisher projection The -OH on the chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl group
    1. LEFT L-isomer
    2. RIGHT D-isomer
2. α and β anomers
  1. - Haworth structure The -OH on the first chiral carbon
    1. UP β-anomer
    2. DOWN α-anomer

Zusammenfassung der Ressource

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