Human Memory

Human Memory

1. ENCODING~ INVOLVES FORMING A MEMORY CODE

   • ATTENTION~ involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events (selective attention is critical to everyday functioning
   • LEVELS OF PROCESSING THEORY~ propses that deeper levels of processing result in longer lasting memory codes
   • ELABORATION~ linking a stimulus to other information at the time of the encoding
   • IMAGERY~ the creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered
   • DUAL - CODING THEORY~ holds memory that is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes since either can lead to recall
   • SELF REFERENT ENCODING~ involves deciding now or whether info is personally relevant

2. STORAGE

   • SENSORY MEMORY~ preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time ; fraction of a second
   • SHORT- TERM MEMORY ~ limited capacity store that can maintain unrehersed info up to 20 seconds
   • REHERSAL~ repetiviley verbalizating or thinking about the information ( number 7 plus or minus two
   • WORKING MEMORY~ linited capacity storage system that temorarly maintains and stores info by providing and interface between memory and action
   • WORKING MEMORY CAPACITY~ ones ability to hold and manipulate info in conscicuos attention
   • LONG TERM MEMORY~ unlimited capacity store that can hold info over lengthy periods of time
   • FLASHBULB MEMORIES~ unusualiy vivid and detailed recolections of momentous events
   • CLUSTERING~ tendancy to remember similar or related items in groups
   • CONCEPTUAL HIERARCHY~ multilevel classification system based on common properties among items
   • SCHEMA~ organized cluster of knowledge about particular object or event astracted from previous experience/ event
   • SEMANTIC NETWORK~ nodes representing cocepts joined together by pathways that link related concepts
   • CONNECTIONIST PARRALLEL DISTRIBUTED PRCESS~ models assume that cognitive processess depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computional networks that resemble neural networks

3. RETREVIAL

   • TIP OF THE TONGUE~ temporary inability to remember something you know accompanied by a feeling that is just out of reach
   • MISINFORMATION EFFECT~ when participants recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleadinf postevent info.
   • REALITY MONITERING~ the process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources or internal sources
   • SOURCE MONITERING~ involves making attributions about the origions of memories
   • SOURCE MONITORING ERROR~ a memory derived from ones source is misattributed to another source
   • DESTINATION MEMORY~ involves recalling to whom one has told what

4. FORGETTING

   • FORGETTING CURVE~ graphs retention and forgetting over time
   • RETENTION~ refers to the porportion of material remembered
   • RECALL~ reproduce information on there own without any clues
   • RECOGNITION~ select previously learned info from an array of options
   • RELEARING~ measure of retention requires a subject to memorize information a second time to detiremine how much time of how many practice trials are saved by learned it before
   • DECAY THEORY~ proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time
   • INTERFERANCE THEROY~ propses that people forget information because of competition from other material
   • RETROACTIVE INTERFERANCE~ new information impairs the retention of previously learned information
   • PROACTIVE INTERFERANCE~ previously learned info interferes with the retention of new info
   • ENCODING SPECIFITY PRICIPAL~ the value of retrival cue depends on how well it correspondes to the memory code
   • TRANSFER APPROPRIATE PROCESSING~ the initial processing of info is similar to the type of prcessing required by the subsequent measure of repression
   • REPRESSION~ keeping stressing thoughts and repressing feelings buried in the unconsious

5. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY

   • RETROGRADE AMNESIA~ involves the loss of memories for events that occur prior to the onset amnesia
   • ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA~ involves the loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia
   • LONGTERM POTENTION~ long lasting increase in neura exitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway
   • CONSOLIDATE~ hypothetical process involving the gradual conversation of information into durable memory codes stored in long term memory

6. TYPES OF MEMORY

   • IMPACT MEMORY~ is apparent when retention is exhibited on a task that does not require intentional remembering
   • EXPLICIL MEMORY~ involves m recollection of previous experiences
   • DECLARATIVE MEMORY SYSTEM~ handles factual information
   • NONDECLARITIVE MEMORY SYSTEM~ memories for actions, skills , operation, conditioned responses
   • EPISOAIC MEMORY~ made up of chronological, or temporaly dated recollection of personal experence
   • SEMANTIC MEMORY SYSTEM~ containg general knowledge that is not tied to the time when info was learned
   • PROSPECTIVE MEMORY~ includes remebering to preform actions in the future
   • RETROSPECTIVE MEMORY~ remembering events from the past or previously learned info