Chapter 6: Learning

Chapter 6: Learning

1. Classical Conditioning

   • Pavlov is considered the founder of conditioning.
   • Conditioning is the learned connection between a natural stimulus and an un related object that the been positivily or negativily reinforced.
   • conditioning must be continually reinforced or it may become un-learned.
   • it has been theorised that humans are born with only two fears : falling and Loud noises. All other fears have been created through some form of conditioning.

2. Operant Conditioning

   • is when the responses are controled by consequences
   • the Law of effect is when a stimulus creates a satisfying effect making the association between the two stronger.
   • Reinforcement is when an event increases the likely-hood of repeating the action
   • Shaping is when reinforcement slowly changes till a desired event is aquioured through step-by-step "shaping".
   • Resistance to extinction is when the organism continues to respond even after the reinforcemnt has stoped

3. Observational Learning

   • this occures when the actions of one organism are repeted by another.
   • Mirror neurons activate when mimicing anothers actions.

4. Learning is the lasting change in behaviour due to experience.

5. Reinforcement

   • Scheduled reinforcement is when a result of presented to a stimulus
   • Continuous reinforcemnt is when the the responce is reinforced every time the stimulus id presented.
   • Intermittent reinforcement is when the stimulus is only reinforced part of the time
   • Variable ratio schedule is when only a cirtain number of reinforcement is given despite the extra amount of stimulus.
   • fixed-interval ratio is when there is a timed schedule when reinforcement is present.
   • positive reinforcement is when e reward is given for a stimulus
   • negative reinforcement is when a responce is strangthened because of the removal of a stimulus.