Cognitive Psychology : Memory

Cognitive Psychology : Memory

1. Models of memory

   • Duration
     • LTM = Unlimited
     • STM = seconds
     • Shepard - Photo recall
     • Peterson and Peterson - Constonant symbols
   • Encoding
     • LTM = Semantic
     • STM = Acoustic or Visual
     • Baddeley- similarity reduces recall
   • Capacity
     • STM = >7 chunks
       • Miller - 7 +/- 2
     • LTM = Unlimited
     • Simon - size of chunk matters
   • The Multi-Store Model
     • Sensory Memory
       • STM
         • LTM
       • Evidence from Sperling
     • Attention to maintenance rehearsal
     • Strengths
       • Applies hippocample damage scenarios
       • Evidence to support claims for duration, capacity and encoding
       • Details of structure and process
     • Weaknesses
       • Oversimplified
       • STM proven not to function as unitary story
         • KF
       • Processing proven more important than maintenance rehearsal
     • Effects on validity
       • Lab experiments
         • demand characteristics. experimenter bias
         • Well controlled
   • Working Memory Model Baddeley and Hitch
     • Central executive
       • Episodic Buffer
         • LTM
         • general store, integrates info from other stores
       • Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad
         • Visualand inner scribe
       • Phonological Loop
         • Sounds
       • Resource allocation, small capacity
     • Can explain why you can do two different tasks at once
       • NOT SIMILAR TASKS
     • Strenghts
       • Explains word length effect
       • fMRI highlights centrl executive as more active when performing 2 tasks
       • Empahasises process rather tha structure
       • Helpful in diagnosis of mental illness
     • Weakness
       • Central executive irrelivant
       • Evidence from brain-damagesd individuals,( no beofre and after.)

2. EWT

   • Loftus and Palmer
     • Misleading information = inaccurate recall
       • Evidence from Loftus
     • Broken glass? change in stored information
       • Yuille and Cutshall =accurate recall, despite misleading information
   • Anxiety
     • Deffenbacher Meta analysis = anxiety reduced accuracy of EWT
       • Christianson and Hubinette anxiety increases EWT in real life
     • EWT from Titanic accurate
       • Rinolo
   • Age of witness
     • Children = more errors
       • Parker and Carranza
     • Younger ppts <confident but no age difference
       • Yarmey
     • Own age bias

3. Stratefies for memory improvemnt

   • Mnemonic Techniques
     • Verbal
       • Acronym
       • Acrostic
       • Rhymes
       • Chunking
       • Helpful for children with learing difficulties
         • Mnemonics used to overcome STM deficits in Down Sydrome childron
           • Broadly and MacDonald
     • Visual Imagery
       • Method of Loci
       • Keyword method
       • Spider Diagrams
       • Helpful for Adults
   • How they work?
     • Organisation, creat memomry hooks, organise material
       • Bower et al.
     • Elborative rehearsal
     • Dual coding hypothisis
       • Paivio