Answering Format

Seite 1

Answering Format (LORMS Question)

Level Of Response Mark Scheme [6]

Introduction

-State claim

Paragraph 1, Paragraph 2

-Identify factors/measures

→Explain sub-measures

⇉List 2 benefits and 2 challenges

⇶List examples

-- Floods (Any of one the above: Regulation, Investment in infrastructure and Disaster preparedness)

Regulation

Zoning - A way which the government plans the physical development of the land and its uses to make sure that the impact of floods would not be so serious as it is the low-cost developments that are affected

Benefit: Creates spaces of green areas such as parks and fields which help to reduce the impact of flood damage

Challenge: Development of available land is limited as only certain areas are available for development

Challenge: Hard to carry out because of competing land use and people might not abide by the law

Elevated properties - To ensure that the height of buildings remain higher than the previous flood level/to ensure that floods do not damage developments in buildings with the introduction of Minimum Platform Level (MPL)

Benefit: Development is protected up to the height of the MPL

​​Challenge: Expensive to raise the height of surrounding buildings due to increased cost of development

Investment in infrastructure

Floodwalls and Levees - Barriers against floods and protect development from floodwater by holding the floodwater back

Benefit: Cheaper to build levees and floodwalls than to raise the height of surrounding land

Challenge: Regular maintenance is needed to ensure that levees and floodwalls are strong enough to hold back floodwaters

Challenge: Levees and floodwalls hold back floodwaters until a specific level, and are unable to prevent floods beyond that level

Channel improvement - The deepening of the canal or river to ensure that it has the capacity to hold water and enable water to flow more quickly

Benefit: Allows for moderate-value and high-value developments to be built beside/adjacent to the canal or river channel

Challenge: May cause problems for areas downstream or upstream of the improved area

Disaster preparedness

Forecasting and warning system - Systems put in place to measure water levels in canals and river channels, tide level in seas and surrounding weather to detect potential flood risks so that citizens can be warned in advance and can prepare adequately for the flood

Benefit: Provides enough information in advance of the flood to ensure that there is enough time for people to take action to minimize flood damage

Challenge: Some cities might not have the required technology and expertise to collect accurate information and make accurate flood forecasts

Emergency Drills - Drills to prepare the citizens to practice the steps to evacuate a place in an orderly manner in case natural disasters such as floods strike, reducing panic during an emergency

Benefits: People are educated on what to do during an emergency, allowing the residents to leave in an orderly manner without causing panic, and adequate practice will save many lives

Benefits: Practicing evacuation drills will allow for cities to make adequate changes to their evacuation plans to improve them

Challenges: Limited participation will limit the effectiveness of the evacuation drill

-- Transport (Any one of the above: Making public transport a choice mode, Managing road usage and Other measures)

Making public transport a choice mode

Integrated public transport system - To connect all the transport routes systems to ensure seamless travel

Bus lanes schemes - Special lanes allocated to public and private buses during peak and non-peak hour

Expansion of rail networks - Increasing the number of locations that trains can reach

Increasing the frequency and capacity of buses and rails - Carry more people and arrive at scheduled times

Managing Road Usage

Road pricing or ERP - Traffic measure that charges drivers when they use certain roads

Increased parking fees - Increase the cost of driving and parking especially in the CBD

Enhanced road monitoring - To alert drivers of traffic congestion

Other measures

Telecommuting - Work from home or places near home without commuting

Encouraging cycling - Convenient mode of transport that is mobile and flexible, and also environmentally friendly

-- Homelessness (Any one of the above: Slum upgrading and Inclusive housing)

Slum upgrading

Self help schemes - Slum dwellers renovate their houses by themselves and it involves the participation of low-income households to improve conditions of existing housing

Provision of public housing - Residents move out and relocate to another place with facilities as the slum is renovated by the government and basic infrastructure is built alongside with new buildings

​Inclusive housing

Affordable housing - Houses are cheap and affordable for all citizens, and is subsidised

Facilities and amenities for all ages - Providing a range of facilities and different amenities for different age groups, and considers their needs respectively

Strong sense of place and belonging - Unique characteristics and experiences of a particular area that a resident would attach to, feel close to heart and can identify with as it is meaningful and valuable to them

Paragraph 3

-State criterion for the strategy

→Derive stand from criterion

Criteria

Cost

Space

Public receptivity

Ease of implementation

Revenue