Spanish 2

Seite 1

SER and ESTAR

SER and ESTAR

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SER: You can use the acronym DOCTOR.

D- Description O- Occupation C- Characteristics T- Time and Date O- Origin R- Relationship

ESTAR: You can use the acronym PLACE.

P- Position L- Location A- Action C- Condition E- Emotion

Seite 2

AR, ER, and IR Endings

AR, ER, and IR endings

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AR endings:

yo- o tu- as el/la- a nosotros- amos ellos/ellas- an

ER endings:

yo- o tu- es el/la- e nosotros- emos ellos/ellas- en

IR endings:

yo- o tu- es el/la- e nosotros- imos ellos/ellas- en

Seite 3

Indirect Object Pronouns

Indirect Object Pronouns

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me te le nos les

Le Hablo (singular): a el, a ella, a usted

Les Hablo (plural): a ellos, a ellas, a ustedes

Seite 4

Aburrir, Gustar, and Interesar

Aburrir, Gustar, and Interesar

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Aburrir:

singular: aburre

plural: aburren

Gustar:

singular: gusta

plural: gustan

Interesan:

singular: interesa

plural: interesan

Seite 5

Stem Changes

Stem Changes

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Empezar (to start):

yo- empiezo tu- empiezas el/la- empieza nosotros- empezamos ellos/ellas- empiezan

Perder (to lose):

yo- pierdo tu- pierdes el/la- pierde nosotros- perdemos ellos/ellas- pierden

Volver (return/come back):

yo- vuelvo tu- vuelves el/ella- vuelve nosotros- volvemos ellos/ellas- vuelven

Poder (to be able to):

yo- puedo tu-puedes el/ella- puede nosotros- podemos ellos/ellas- pueden

Jugar (play *typically sports or games*):

yo- juego tu- juegas el/ella- juega nosotros- jugamos ellos/ellas- juegan

Querer (to want):

yo- quiero tu- quieres el/ella- quiere nosotros- queremos ellos/ellas- quieren

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Notes

-other verbs with *e to ie* stem change (empezar and perder) are sentarse, amenzar, and perisar.

-other verbs with *o to ue* stem change (volver and poder) are acostarse, recordar, and encontrar

-sentir is conjugated like preferir

Seite 6

Saber and Conocer

Saber and Conocer

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Saber: know how to, facts, and information.

yo- sé tu- sabes el/ella- sabe nosotros- sabemos ellos/ellas- saben

Conocer: familiar with person, place, or thing.

yo- conzco tu- conoces el/ella- conoce nosotros- conocemos ellos/ellas- conocen

Seite 7

Comparatives and Superlatives

Comparatives and Superlatives

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*Comparative-- put más or menos before adj./adverb and 'que' after it.*

Comparative-

bueno-mejor malo-peor bien-mejor mal-peor

Superlative-

el/la mejor el/la peor los/las mejores los/las peores

Seite 8

Preterite forms (Past Tense)

Preterite forms (past tense)

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IR/SER:

fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron

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Nadar, Comer, and Subir

Nadar:

yo- nadé tu- nadaste el/ella- nadó nosotros- nadamos ellos/ellas- nadaron

Comer:

yo- comí tu- comiste el/ella- comió nosotros- comimos ellos/ellas- comieron

Subir:

yo- subí tu- subiste el/ella- subió nosotros- subimos ellos/ellas- subieron

Seite 9

Present Progressive Verbs

Present Progressive Verbs

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*Present progressive is an action that is currently happening or going on. It is the equivalent of adding "ing" to verbs. In order to construct the present progressive, you must follow these two steps.

1st: You must use the proper form of ESTAR, based on the subject given.

ESTAR: yo- estoy tu- estás el/ella- está nosotros- estamos ellos/ellas- están

2nd: You must convert the verb in the proper present participle:

-If the verb ends in -ar, then drop the ending and add "ando"

-If the verb ends in -er or -ir, then drop the ending and add "iendo"

(ex: hablar>hablando, comer>comiendo, salir>saliendo)

-For verbs Leer, Traer, Oir, and Caer; there is a change:

leer>leyendo traer>trayendo oir>oyendo caer>cayendo

To sum up, here are examples.

You are talking>tu estás hablando

He is talking>él está hablando

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Hacer:

yo- hago tu- haces el/ella- hace nosotros- hacemos ellos/ellas- hacen

Poner:

yo- pongo tu- pones el/ella- pone nosotros- ponemos ellos/ellas- ponen

Traer:

yo- traigo tu- traes el/ella- trae nosotros- traemos ellos/ellas- traen

Salir:

yo- salgo tu- sales el/ella- sale nosotros- salimos ellos/ellas- salen

Seite 10

Reflective Pronouns

Reflective Pronouns

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Reflective Pronouns:

me, te, se, nos, se (el/ella form and ellos/ellas form are the same)

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-Let's use the term 'despertarse'.

↓---------------------------------↓

me, te, se, nos, se desertarse

-The ending, 'se', will be moved to the front. Using our pronouns, we can change it to the appropriate form. Let's use the 'yo' form.

despertarse --------------> se desperta --------------> ̶s̶̶e̶ me desperta

-We need to change the ending.

me desperta -----------------> me desperto

-There's one more thing to do: The stem change. (stem changing word ex: despertarse, sentarse, acostarse, dormirse)

me desperto -----------------> me despierto

*HOWEVER, if the form is nosotros, do NOT do a stem change.

-We're done!

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Note: However, if the action is not done to oneself, there would be no pronoun.

Seite 11

VENIR

VENIR

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Venir (Coming From):

yo- vengo tu- vienes el/ella- viene nosotros- venimos ellos/ellas- vienen

Seite 12

Pronunciation

Pronunciation

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When pronouncing words in Spanish, there are a couple of rules. Here's a few of them.

#1: 2nd to last syllable in words is emphasized.

ex: her 【ma】 no (the framed letters are emphasized)

#2: However, if the word ends in a consonant, the last syllable is emphasized.

ex: in te lec 【tual】

#3: Words with accents don't follow those rules.

ex: 【jó】 ve nes

Seite 13

Present Tense Forms of Irregular Verbs

Present Tense Forms of Irregular Verbs

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These forms do NOT have accents.

***

Let's first look at hacer, querer, and venir.

*These verbs ALL have the letter 'i' in their stem.*

Hacer (To Do/Make):

yo- hice tu- hiciste el/ella- hizo nosotros- hicimos ellos/ellas- hicieron

Querer (To Want):

yo- quise tu- quisiste el/ella- quiso nosotros- quisimos ellos/ellas- quisieron

Venir (Coming From):

yo- vine tu- viniste el/ella- vino nosotros- vinimos ellos/ellas- vinieron

Now let's look at poder, poner, and saber.

*These verbs ALL have the letter 'u' in their stem.*

Poder (Able to):

yo- pude tu- pudiste el/ella- pudo nosotros- pudimos ellos/ellas- pudieron

Poner (To Put):

yo- puse tu- pusiste el/ella- puso nosotros- pusimos ellos/ellas- pusieron

Saber (To Know):

yo- supe tu- supiste el/ella- supo nosotros- supimos ellos/ellas- supieron

Finally, let's look at estar, tener, and andar.

*These verbs ALL have the letters 'uv' in their stem.*

Estar (To Be):

yo- estuve tu- estuviste el/ella- estuvo nosotros- estuvimos ellos/ellas- estuvieron

Tener (To Have):

yo- tuve tu- tuviste el/ella- tuvo nosotros- tuvimos ellos/ellas- tuvieron

Andar (To Take):

yo- anduve tu- anduviste el/ella- anduvo nosotros- anduvimos ellos/ellas- anduvieron

Seite 14

DECIR

DECIR (To Say/ To Tell):

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-Present Form:

yo- digo tu- dices el/ella- dice nosotros- decimos ellos/ellas- dicen

-Preterite Form:

yo- dije tu- dijiste el/ella- dijo nosotros- dijimos ellos/ellas- dijeron

Seite 15

Stem Changing in Present Tense

Stem Changing in Present Tense

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Pedir:

yo- pido tu- pides el/ella- pide nosotros- pedimos ellos/ellas- piden

Servir:

yo- sirvo tu- sirves el/ella- sirve nosotros- servimos ellos/ellas- sirven

Freír:

yo- frío tu- fríes el/ella- fríe nosotros- freímos ellos/ellas- fríen

Seguir:

yo- sigo tu- sigues el/ella- sigue nosotros- seguimos ellos/ellas- siguen

Seite 16

Stem Changing in Preterite Form

Stem Changing in Preterite Form

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Remember the rule: e ---> i, o ---> u

ONLY EL/ELLA FORM AND ELLOS/ELLAS FORM HAVE STEM CHANGE. (Basically the singular, third person, and plural)

EXAMPLES:

Repetir:

yo- repetí tu- repetiste el/ella- repitió nosotros- repetimos ellos/ellas- repitieron

Preferir:

yo- preferí tu- preferiste el/ella- prifirió nosotros- preferimos ellos/ellas- prefirieron

Vestirse (You need the pronouns!):

yo- me vestí tu- te vestiste el/ella- se vistió nosotros- nos vestimos ellos/ellas- se vistieron

Dormir:

yo- dormí tu- dormiste el/ella- durmió nosotros- dormimos ellos/ellas- durmieron

Seite 17

Imperfect Forms

Imperfect Form

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Imperfect Form (Describe habitual/repeated past action. They can also describe people, places, objects, events, weather, dates, and time in the past):

AR endings:

Hablar:

yo- hablaba tu- hablabas el/ella- hablaba nosotros- hablámos ellos/ellas- hablaban

Mirar:

yo- miraba tu- mirabas el/ella- miraba nosotros- mirábamos ellos/ellas- miraban

ER and IR endings:

Leer:

yo- leía tu- leías el/ella- leía nosotros- leíamos ellos/ellas- leían

Escribir:

yo- escribía tu- escribías el/ella- escribía nosotros- escribíamos ellos/ellas- escribían

To sum up:

AR endings: aba, abas, aba, ábamos, aban

ER/IR endings: ía, ías, ía, íamos, ían

Seite 18

Imperfect and Preterite

Imperfect and Preterite

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Let's talk about Imperfect.

Imperfect tense can be used to describe events that began in the past and never ended. Well, not that they never ended, but we just don't know if it ever ended. It's infinite.

Imperfect Tenses:

ar endings: aba, abas, aba, ábamos, aban

er and ir endings: ía, ías, ía, íamos, ían

Some terms indicate the word as being imperfect.

EX) cuando (when), cada (each), siempre (always), enseguida (right away), todos (all), de vez en cuando (sometimes)

"Cuando" is a magic word. The terms before cuando are imperfect, and terms after are preterite.

But not in all cases. So be careful.

Let's talk about Preterite.

Preterite forms, like preterite, began in the past, but unlike imperfect, preterite has an end.

Preterite Tenses:

ar endings: é, aste, ó, amos, aron

ir/er endings: í, aste, ó, imos, ieron

Seite 19

Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense

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Present perfect tense is used to speak about past even without reference to any particular time.

Present perfect tense is formed with present tense of 'haber' and the past participle.

The past participle is formed by adding -ado to the stem of -ar verbs and -ido to the stem of -er and -ir verbs.

Let's look at hablar, beber, and asistir.

Hablar:

yo- he hablado tu- has hablado el/ella- ha hablado nosotros- hemos hablado ellos/ellas- han hablado

Beber:

yo- he bebido tu- has bebido el/ella- ha bebido nosotros- hemos bebido ellos/ellas- han bebido

Asistir:

yo- he asistido tu- has asistido el/ella- ha asistido nosotros- hemos asistido ellos/ellas- han asistido

Seite 20

Irregular Past Participles (verbs)

Irregular Past Participles (verbs)

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The following verbs have irregular past participles.

decir ⇨ dicho

hacer ⇨ hecho

romper ⇨ roto

escribir ⇨ escrito

feír ⇨ frito

ver ⇨ visto

* * *

poner ⇨ puesto

volver ⇨ vuelto

devolver ⇨ devuelto

morir ⇨ muerto

abrir ⇨ abierto

cubrir ⇨ cubierto

Seite 21

Direct and Indirect Pronouns

Direct and Indirect Pronouns

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In spanish, sentences normally have an indirect and direct object pronoun, and the indirect object pronoun is always before the direct object pronoun.

Both pronouns are before the conjugated form of the verb.

EX) Ella nos sirvió el helado.

el helado ⇨ lo

Ella nos lo sirvió.

EX) El mozo me dio la llave.

la llave ⇨ la

El mozo me la dio.

Seite 22

Dos Complementos Con Se

Dos Complementos Con Se (i don't know the english translation. help.)

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The indirect object pronouns 'le, les' change to 'se' when used with lo, la, los, and las.

EX) El mozo les subio el equipaje

les ⇨ se el equipaje ⇨ lo

El mozo se lo subio.

EX) El cliente le devolvio las llaves a la recepcionista.

le ⇨ se las llaves a la recepcionista ⇨ las

El cliente se las devolvio.

Seite 23

Imperatives for Regular Verbs

Imperatives for Regular Verbs

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Imperatives are used to give a command.

Present (ud.):

usted habla

usted conduce

usted escribe

usted vuelve

usted sigue

Imperative (tu):

¡Habla!

¡Conduce!

¡Escribe!

¡Vuelve!

¡Sigue!

Seite 24

Imperatives for Irregular Verbs

Imperatives for Irregular Verbs

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infinitive:

decir

ir

ser

salir

hacer

tener

venir

poner

imperative (tu)

di

ve

sé

sal

haz

ten

ven

pon

Seite 25

Rewriting Nouns to Object Pronouns

Rewriting Nouns to Object Pronouns

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EX)

Sube la maleta.

la maleta = la

súbela

Baja la velocidad

la velocidad = la

bajala

***

Favor de hablarme.

habláme

Favor de pagarlo.

págalo.

***

Favor de pasármelo

pasámelo

Favor de escribírsela

escribésela

***

Favor de cerrarlo.

ciérralo

Favor de empezarlo

empiézalo

Seite 26

Conditional for Regular Verbs

Conditional for Regular Verbs

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Conditional expresses what takes place under certain conditions. It can also be used to soften requests.

Let's look at llegar, ver and ir.

Llegar:

yo- llegaria tu- llegarias el/ella- llegaria nosotros- llegariamos ellos/ellas- llegarian

Ver:

yo- veria tu- verias el/ella- veria nosotros- veriamos ellos/ellas- verian

Ir:

yo- iria tu- irias el/ella- iria nosotros- iriamos ellos/ellas- irian

Seite 27

Conditional for Irregular Verbs

Conditional for Irregular Verbs

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Conditionals for irregular verbs have the same stems as regular verbs.

Let's review.

Infinitive:

tener

poner

salir

venir

poder

saber

hacer

decir

querer

Future Stem:

tendr-

pondr-

saldr

vendr-

podr-

sabr-

har-

dir-

querr-

Conditional:

add ia to all endings

Seite 28

Affirmatives and Negatives

Affirmatives and Negatives

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Let's use hablar, comer, and escribir.

Affirmative: habla, come, escribe

Negative: No hables, No comas, No escribas

Notice that for the negatives, the endings are the opposite! If the word originally had an ar ending, the new negative form would have the er ending. However, the affirmative would stay the same form.