biodiversity - created from Mind Map

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humans

bacteria

prokaryotic domain of microscopic organisms

farming

carbon cycle

algae

ecosystem diversity

diverse systems have primary productivity

genetic diversity

raw material for adaptive change

species diversity

archaea

prokaryotic domain of microscopic organisms

eukaryotes

annamox

supports bacteria and archaeans in oxygen-depleted parts of the ocean

biodiversity loss

opisthokonta

species

a group that is capable of sharing alleles

populations

somatic & germ line mutations

occurs in body's cells

natural selection

fungi

speciation

occurs when two populations are no longer able to produce fertile offspring

Biological Species Concept

one or more populations whose members interbreed under natural conditions and produce fertile offspring

Morphospecies concept

members of the same species usually have similar DNA sequences that are distinct from those of other species

Ecological Species Concept

two species cannot coexist in the same location if they are too similar because it causes competition for resources

Phylogenetic Species Concept

members of a species all share a common ancestor and fate

evolution

allopatric speciation

populations which are geographically separated from each other

sympatric

speciation with gene flow between diverging populations

phylogenetic trees

speciation can be thought as a process of branching & a phylogenetic tree is a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a species

dispersal

individuals colonize a distant place far from the main population

vicariance

a population splits due to a geographic barrier

ecological isolation

polyploidy

doubling of cells during cell division

node

represents the most recent common ancestor of 2 descendant species on a tree

sister groups

a phylogenetic tree is simply a set of sister group relationships

taxon

formal means of naming groups

genus

larger, more inclusive branch of the tree

family

larger, more inclusive branch of a tree

class

orders form a class

order

formed from a family

phylum

formed from classes

kingdom

formed from a phylum

domain

the three largest limbs of the entire tree

homology

characters that are similar because of a descent from a common ancestor

synamorphies

shared derived characteristics

monophyletic

all members share a single common ancestor that is not shared with any other species

paraphyletic

includes some, but not all, of the descendants of a common ancestor

polyphyletic

grouping that does not include the last common ancestor of all members

reproductive isolation

pre-zygotic isolation

post-zygotic isolation

temporal

isolation as a function of time

behavioral

behavior differs between two populations

mechanical

anatomical incompatibility

habitat

gametic barriers

prevention of wrong sperm egg combo

reduced hybrid viability

lower chance of survival for organisms whose parents have incompatible genes

hybrid sterility

adult species fail to develop functional gametes and are sterile

analogy

similarities due to independent adaptation by different species

trace fossils

preserve a record of behavior and anatomy

molecular fossils

helps document organisms that rarely form conventional fossils

geologic timescale

series of time divisions that mark Earth's history

convergent evolution

result of convergent evolution is an analogy

migration

genetic drift

gene pool

all the genes in a population

evolution

change in allele or genotype frequencies over time

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

populations meet Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium when certain conditions are met in a population

gene flow

random genetic exchange of alleles among populations due to migration

founder event

form of reduction in population size

bottleneck

form of reduction in population size

non-random mating

result of genetic drift

microevolution

changes in gene pool

coevolution

prokaryotes have coevolved with eukaryotes

positive & negative selection

variances in population

fitness

measured as the fit between organisms and its environment

stabilizing selection

directional selection

disruptive selection

sexual selection

MODES OF NATURAL SELECTION

intersexual selection

intrasexual selection

adaptive radiation

unusual rapid evolutionary diversification in which natural selection accelerates the rates of both speciation and adaptation and occurs when there are multiple opportunities for exploitation.

prokaryotes

bacteria and cyanobacteria

cyanobacteria

gram-positive bacteria

bacteria that include organisms that cause and cure disease

fertilizer

pesticides

eutrophication

oxygenic photosynthesis

a photosynthetic reaction that uses water as the electron donor resulting in the production of oxygen

aerobic cell respiration

complete oxidation of carbon compounds to CO2 using a compound other than oxygen as the electron acceptor

anoxygenic photosynthesis

a photosynthetic reaction that uses something other than water as the electron donor and thus does NOT produce oxygen

chemoautotrophy

derives energy from oxidation of inorganic compounds

fermentation

partial oxidation of carbon compounds to molecules that are less oxidized than CO2, resulting in some ATP production

anaerobic cell respiration

cells can break down sugars to generate energy in the absence of oxygen

archaeplastida

ecosystem services

species richness

measures species diversity

species evenness

measures species diversity

methanogens

recycles organic molecules in environments where the supplies of electron acceptors for respiration are limited