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SPANISH NOTES
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Seite 1
Put simply, subject pronouns are the words we use to tell who is completing an action in a sentence.
The dog likes to run.
We always go fishing on Saturdays.
Turkey is delicious on Thanksgiving.
Remember the chart we use to practice verb conjugation? We can use that for our subject pronouns as well!
The chart should have two columns and three rows.
Singular
Plural
1st
I / Yo
We / Nosotros, Nosotras
2nd
You (informal) / Tú
Y’all / Vosotros, Vosotras*
3rd
He, she, you (formal) /
Él, Ella, Usted
They, you all /
Ellos (all male/mixed group), Ellas (all females)
Ustedes (you all, not formal or informal)
*Vosotros is almost exclusively used in Spain! We don’t use it in the US, so it won’t be on your test.
The first row is for the first person, meaning it includes the speaker. The first column is singular, meaning the person or thing completing the action is only one in number.
The first person subject (the person doing the thing) might be singular or plural, but either way it always includes the speaker.
Example: Yo soy estudiante. I am a student.
Nosotros tenemos perros. We have dogs.
The second row of your chart is for the second person. That means the speaker is addressing the person they’re talking to directly.
Example: You do your homework.
Tú haces tu tarea.
What are y’all having for lunch?
¿Qué van a comer ustedes para el almuerzo?
Again, the second person can be singular or plural, but it is always addressing someone else in the conversation.
The third row of your chart is for the third person. This means the speaker is talking about someone or something else that is not included in the conversation.
Examples: She is always on time.
Ella siempre está a tiempo.
They don’t like country music very much.
A ell@s no les gusta mucho la música del país.
The third person, like the first and second person, can be singular or plural as well, but it always references people or things not included in the conversation.
If you are addressing a GROUP of people directly, ALWAYS use ustedes. It does not matter if you are addressing a group of people younger or older than you!
Example: Kids, you all need to get to class!
Chicos, ¡todos ustedes necesitan ir a la clase!
Mr. and Mrs. Gomez, do you need help?
Sr. y Sra. Gomez, ¿ustedes necesitan ayuda?
The ONLY time you need to distinguish between tú and usted is when you are trying to address ONE person directly.
If you are addressing a friend, close relative, or someone younger than you, use tú.
Example: You are my best friend.
Tú eres mi mejor amiga.
If you are addressing someone older than you, a stranger, or an authority figure, use usted.
Example: Ma’am, do you need help?
Señora, ¿usted necesita ayuda?
*Usted is ALWAYS the most polite way of speaking to someone, but it can come across as cold if you know the person well.
Put simply, subject pronouns are the words we use to tell who is completing an action in a sentence.
The dog likes to run.
We always go fishing on Saturdays.
Turkey is delicious on Thanksgiving.
Remember the chart we use to practice verb conjugation? We can use that for our subject pronouns as well!
The chart should have two columns and three rows.
Singular
Plural
1st
I / Yo
We / Nosotros, Nosotras
2nd
You (informal) / Tú
Y’all / Vosotros, Vosotras*
3rd
He, she, you (formal) /
Él, Ella, Usted
They, you all /
Ellos (all male/mixed group), Ellas (all females)
Ustedes (you all, not formal or informal)
*Vosotros is almost exclusively used in Spain! We don’t use it in the US, so it won’t be on your test.
The first row is for the first person, meaning it includes the speaker. The first column is singular, meaning the person or thing completing the action is only one in number.
The first person subject (the person doing the thing) might be singular or plural, but either way it always includes the speaker.
Example: Yo soy estudiante. I am a student.
Nosotros tenemos perros. We have dogs.
The second row of your chart is for the second person. That means the speaker is addressing the person they’re talking to directly.
Example: You do your homework.
Tú haces tu tarea.
What are y’all having for lunch?
¿Qué van a comer ustedes para el almuerzo?
Again, the second person can be singular or plural, but it is always addressing someone else in the conversation.
The third row of your chart is for the third person. This means the speaker is talking about someone or something else that is not included in the conversation.
Examples: She is always on time.
Ella siempre está a tiempo.
They don’t like country music very much.
A ell@s no les gusta mucho la música del país.
The third person, like the first and second person, can be singular or plural as well, but it always references people or things not included in the conversation.
If you are addressing a GROUP of people directly, ALWAYS use ustedes. It does not matter if you are addressing a group of people younger or older than you!
Example: Kids, you all need to get to class!
Chicos, ¡todos ustedes necesitan ir a la clase!
Mr. and Mrs. Gomez, do you need help?
Sr. y Sra. Gomez, ¿ustedes necesitan ayuda?
The ONLY time you need to distinguish between tú and usted is when you are trying to address ONE person directly.
If you are addressing a friend, close relative, or someone younger than you, use tú.
Example: You are my best friend.
Tú eres mi mejor amiga.
If you are addressing someone older than you, a stranger, or an authority figure, use usted.
Example: Ma’am, do you need help?
Señora, ¿usted necesita ayuda?
*Usted is ALWAYS the most polite way of speaking to someone, but it can come across as cold if you know the person well.
Seite 2
A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. Examples include my dog, my apartment, creativity, and the table.
All nouns in Spanish have a gender.
A good rule of thumb is that nouns ending in -o are masculine, and nouns ending in -a are feminine. English nouns (besides nouns that refer to people) do not have gender.
“Plural” means “more than one.” The opposite of “plural” is “singular,” meaning just one. Plural nouns in Spanish are formed almost exactly the same way as they are in English.
If the noun ends in a vowel (a/e/i/o/u), we simply add an -s.
perro → perros
If the noun ends in a consonant, we simply add an -es.
pared → paredes
In Spanish, nouns carry a word called an article with them. Spanish articles are el, la, los, las, un, una, unos, and unas.
Definite articles are words that mean “the.” In Spanish, when you want to say “the,” you must use the definite article that matches the gender and number of the noun.
Example:
the window → la ventana
“Ventana” is a singular feminine noun, so it needs a singular feminine article.
the kitties → los gatitos
“Gatitos” is a plural masculine noun, so it needs a plural masculine article.
Use this chart to help you figure out which article to use:
Singular
Plural
Masc.
el
los
Fem.
la
las
Indefinite articles are words that mean “a,” “an,” “some,” or “a few.” When you use indefinite articles, you must make sure they match the gender and number of the noun.
Example:
a window → una ventana
“Ventana” is a singular feminine noun, so it needs a singular feminine article.
Some kitties → unos gatitos
“Gatitos” is a plural masculine noun, so it needs a plural masculine article.
Singular
Plural
Masc.
un
unos
Fem.
una
unas
Seite 3
MS Spanish Presentation 12/6/22
Remember that there are two ways to say “to be” in Spanish:
SER and ESTAR. This means that you will use ser OR estar whenever you want to say, “I am,” “You are,” “He/she is,” “We are,” “You all are,” and “They are.”
This rhyme should help you remember the most important times to use SER and ESTAR:
For how you feel
Or where you are,
Always use the verb
ESTAR
For WHO you are
And where you’re FROM
Then use SER,
The other one!
When you are studying the conjugations for each verb, be sure to make a chart like you did for the subject pronouns!
SER - to be (“permanent”)
Singular
Plural
1st
Yo soy
Nosotros/Nosotras somos
2nd
Tú eres
Vosotros/Vosotras sois
3rd
Él es
Ella es
Usted es
Ellos son
Ellas son
Ustedes son
*Vosotros is almost exclusively used in Spain! We don’t use it in the US, so it won’t be on your test.
ESTAR - to be (“temporary”)
Singular
Plural
1st
Yo estoy
Nosotros/Nosotras estamos
2nd
Tú estás
Vosotros/Vosotras estás
3rd
Él está
Ella está
Usted está
Ellos están
Ellas están
Ustedes están
*Vosotros is almost exclusively used in Spain! We don’t use it in the US, so it won’t be on your test.
If the rhyme does not help, there are also two acronyms you can use to remember when we use each verb.
Use the acronym PLACE to help you remember when to use ESTAR:
Meaning
Ejemplo (Example)
POSITION
Telling exactly where an object or person is located in relation to another object or person.
La computadora está encima de la mesa.
Los dientes están dentro de la boca.
LOCATION
Telling where someone or something is.
Mayfair Lab School está en el Hyacinth Avenue.
La clase de español está en el edificio 800.
ACTION
Indicating that an action is currently happening; the present progressive tense (ex: is running; are singing)
Yo estoy escribiendo una novela.
CONDITION
Telling the current physical state of a person or object.
Yo estoy enfermo.
La computadora está rota.
EMOTION
Telling the current emotional state of a person.
Mi hermana está triste.vv
Use the acronym DOCTOR to help you remember when to use SER:
Meaning
Ejemplo (Example)
DESCRIPTION
Telling what something or someone is like; inherent physical qualities such as color, shape, or size.
Yo soy alto.
Tú eres bajo.
El sofá es grande.
OCCUPATION
Telling what someone does for a job.
Yo soy ingeniera.
Tú eres médica.
Nosotros somos enfermeros.
CHARACTERISTICS
Telling what someone or something is like.
Yo soy creativa.
Tú eres serio.
Ustedes son graciosos.
TIME/DATE
Telling the precise day or hour.
Son las ocho.
Es la una.
ORIGIN/OWNERSHIP
Telling where someone or something is from or what it is made of. You can also include the preposition “de” to express ownership.
Yo soy de los Estados Unidos.
Tú eres Mexicana.
Nosotros somos de Canadá.
La mesa es de madera.
RELATIONSHIP
Telling how someone or something is related to you or someone else.
Carmen es la mamá de Marisa.
Marisa y yo somos amigos.
Este cuaderno es de Juan.
Mis amigos están felices.
Seite 4
v
The verb “tener” expresses possession. It means “to have.”
Review the chart below for the conjugation of tener:
TENER - to have
Singular
Plural
1st
Yo tengo
“I have”
Nosotros/Nosotras tenemos
“We have”
2nd
Tú tienes
“You have”
Vosotros/Vosotras tenéis
“Y’all have”
3rd
Él tiene
“He has”
Ella tiene
“She has”
Usted tiene
“You have” (formal)
Ellos tienen
“They have (males or mixed group)”
Ellas tienen
“They have (females)”
Ustedes tienen
“You all have”
*Vosotros is almost exclusively used in Spain! We don’t use it in the US, so it won’t be on your test.
While tener almost always expresses possession (i.e., telling who has what), you can also use it to express certain (not all) temporary conditions or emotions. Use the following expressions with a conjugated form of tener to express all kinds of feelings or conditions!
Stars (*) indicate that the phrase will be useful for your Midterm.
Frases con Tener (Phrases/Idioms with Tener)
*Tener hambre - To be hungry
Tener ganas de - to feel like
*Tener frío - To be cold
*Tener calor - To be hot
*Tener sed - To be thirsty
Tener vergüenza - To be ashamed/embarrassed
*Tener sueño - To be tired/sleepy
*Tener miedo - To be scared/afraid
Tener razón - To be right/to have reason
Tener prisa - To be in a rush/hurry
*Tener ___ años - To be ___ years old
*Tener que - To have to
Seite 5
v
Miembros de la familia (family members)
These are the family members that you will need to know for your test. Remember that the article “el” or “los” is used for male family members or groups of people of mixed gender. The article “la” or “las” is used for female family members or groups of all women.
la abuela - grandmother
el abuelo - grandfather
los abuelos - grandparents
el gato - cat
la hermana - sister
el hermano - brother
los hermanos - siblings
la hija - daughter
el hijo - son
los hijos - children
la madre (la mamá) - mother
la mascota - pet
la nieta - granddaughter
el nieto - grandson
el padre (el papá) - father
los padres - parents
el perro - dog
el primo, la prima - cousin
la sobrina - niece
el sobrino - nephew
la tía - aunt
el tío - uncle
Seite 6
Las personas
These are the general people vocabulary words that you will need to know for your test. Remember that the article “el” or “los” is used for males or groups of people of mixed gender. The article “la” or “las” is used for females or groups of all women.
el amigo, la amiga - friend
el fan, la fan - fan
el hombre - man
la mujer - woman
la niña, la chica - girl
el niño, el chico - boy
la novia - girlfriend
el novio - boyfriend
los novios - couple
Seite 7
v
Partes de la casa (parts of a house)
el apartamento - apartment
el ascensor - elevator
el baño - bathroom
la cocina - kitchen
el comedor - dining room
el dormitorio - bedroom
la escalera - stairs
el garaje - garage
el jardín - garden
la pared - wall
la planta baja - ground floor
el primer piso - first floor
la puerta -door
la sala - living room
el suelo - floor
el techo - ceiling
la ventana - window
Seite 8
v
Descripciones (descriptive vocabulary)
These are descriptive adjectives that we learned so that we can tell what we and others are like. Remember that when you’re describing a boy, your adjective should end with an -o (El chico feo, atlético, y bajo); when you are describing a girl, your adjective should end with an -a (la chica fea, atlética, y baja). If the adjective ends with an -e, you do not need to change the adjective ending.
If you are describing multiple people, your adjective(s) should end with an -s (las chicas feas) in addition to matching the gender of the person.
alto(a) - tall
atlético(a) - athletic
bajo(a) - short
bonito(a) - pretty
delgado(a) - thin
feo(a) - ugly
gordo(a) - fat
guapo(a) - handsome, pretty
joven - young
mayor - old, older
moreno(a) - brunette
pelirrojo(a) - red-haired
rubio(a) - blond(e)
viejo(a) - old
Seite 9
Possessive Adjectives
Middle School Spanish Presentation 11/4/22
Possessive adjectives are adjectives that show ownership of something. In English, our possessive adjectives are:
My, Your, His, Her, Our, Their
In Spanish, these translate to:
Mi/Mis, Tu/Tus, Su/Sus, Nuestro/a, Nuestros/as
Mi, Tu, Nuestro, and Su change form to agree with plural nouns.
If the noun is plural, the adjective will also be plural.
Mi bicicleta.
Mis bicicletas.
Tu bicicleta.
Tus bicicletas.
The only possessive adjective that changes gender is nuestro and vuestro (vosotros). It also changes for plural nouns.
Nuestro perro.
Nuestra familia.
Nuestros gatos.
Nuestras amigas.
The other way we show ownership in Spanish is by saying something “is the ____ of someone.” Instead of saying, for example, Jose’s dog, we would say “the dog of Jose.”
El/la ______ de _______
La clase de Ms. G
El perro de la familia
Los hijos de la familia Pérez
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- 6th grade Spanish Notiz am SPANISH NOTES, erstellt von Falasteen Quran am 10/12/2022.
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