Writing- Linkers

Seite 1

Contrast

. In spite of / Despite Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase.

. Although / (Even) though Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a sentence.

. However / Nevertheless / Still / Yet / Even so / On the contrary / In contrast. Introduce a new idea which marks a contrast with previously stated ideas. Introduced by a comma.

. On the one hand ... On the other hand. Links two contrasting ideas / paragraphs.

. In contrast to / Contrary to. Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase.

. Whereas Link two contrasting ideas. Not separated by commas.

Reason and cause

. Because / As / Since / Seeing that Introduce a sentence. Subordinate sentences introduced by because always appear in final position.

. Because of / On account of / Owing to / Due to. Introduce a noun phrase.

Purpose

. In order to / So as to Introduce an infinitive of purpose.

. In order that / So that Introduce a sentence.

Consequence

. Consequently / As a consequence / As a result / Therefore

. As a consequence of / As a result of Followed by a noun phrase.

. So Introduces a sentence. No commas.

Addition

. Moreover / Furthermore / In addition / Besides / What's more Used after a strong pause and separated from the sentences. They are introduced by a comma.

. As well as / In addition to / Besides Used to add one more piece of information. Followed by a noun phrase.

. Exemplification

For example / For instance Introduces an example referring to previously stated ideas.

. Such as Introduces an example referring to the last idea.

CONNECTORS

Contrast

. but / yet: followed by a noun phrase or a sentence.

‘The book is short but / yet interesting’

. in spite of / despite: It is placed at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.

‘He arrived on time despite / in spite of getting up late’

although / though/ even though / in spite of the fact that: followed by a complete sentence. They can be placed at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence. If it is placed at the beginning we need to use a comma after the clause.

‘Although / though / even though / in spite of the fact that the pupils had not studied, they all passed their exams’.

. however, nevertheless, even so, on the one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary:

‘He was quite ill however/ nevertheless/ even so, he went to school’

. while, whereas

‘This film is very interesting, while/whereas that one is quite boring’

Reason and cause

. because, as since, seeing that:

‘Because / as / since / seeing that it’s late, we should go home’

. because of, on account of, owing to, due to:

‘Because of / on account of / owing to / due to the weather, we stayed at home’

. in order to, so as to, to:

‘She uses her video in order to / so as to / to record TV programmes’

Add information

. for example, for instante, such as:

‘Vegetables are a good source of vitamins: for example / for instance, oranges have vitamin C’

. more over, furthermore, besides, in addition to:

‘In addition to soul music, she likes rap’

. apart from, except for:

‘Apart from English, she speaks French’.

Succession

. - First of all / Firstly / To begin with / First ….

- Second / Secondly / Then …

- Third / Thirdly / After that...

- The next stage …

- Finally / in short / to sum up / in conclusion / lastly / last but not least…

Result

. As a result of:

‘As a result of his brave action, he was awarded a military medal.

Therefore, as a result, consequently, for this reason:

‘Consequently / for this reason, it always passes its annual road test’.

Order

First parragraph

At first sight: A primera vista

First: En primer lugar

First of all: Antes que nada

In the first place: En primer lugar

To start with: Para empezar

Second parragraph

In the second place: En segundo lugar

Second: Segundo

Secondly: En segundo lugar

Third: Tercero

Thirdly: En tercer lugar

Conclusion

Finally: Por último

In conclusion: Para concluir

Lastly: Por último

And eventually: Y finalmente

Adding information

apart from: Aparte de

in addition: Además

in addition to: Además de

What’s more: Además; lo que es más

moreover: Además

on top of that: Además

besides: Además

On the one hand: Por una parte

On the other hand: Por otra parte

and eventually: Y finalmente

Contrast

all the same: a pesar de todo

however: sin embargo

instead of: en vez de

in spite of / despite: a pesar de

nevertheless: no obstante

on the contrary: por el contrario

whereas / while: mientras

though / although: aunque

Reason

because of + noun: a causa de

due to + noun: debido a

due to the fact that + sentence: debido a que

for this / that reason: por esta / esa razón

owing to + noun: debido a

owing to the fact that + sentence: debido a que

Result

as a result: como resultado

because of: a causa de

consequently: en consecuencia

so: por lo tanto

that's why: por eso, por esa razón...

therefore: por lo tanto

Expressing facts

actually: en realidad

as a matter of fact: de hecho

in fact: de hecho

really: en realidad

Expressing a personal opinion

as far as I am concerned por lo que a mí respecta

from my point of view desde mi punto de vista

I agree estoy de acuerdo

I disagree no estoy de acuerdo

in my opinion en mi opinión

in my view según lo veo

I think that creo que

it is true that es verdad que

personally personalmente

to be honest, para ser honesto

to tell the truth, a decir verdad

Explain

that is (to say): es decir

in other words: en otras palabras

in short: en resumen

above all: sobre todo

all in all: en general

at least: al menos

basically: básicamente, fundamentalmente

especially: especialmente, sobre todo

essentially: esencialmente

in general: en general

in particular: en particular

more or less: más o menos

on the whole: en general

to a certain extent: hasta cierto punto

Exemplifying

and so on: etcétera

for example: por ejemplo

for instance: por ejemplo

such: as tal(es)como

Summarizing

all in all: en suma

in brief: en resumen

in conclusion: Para concluir

in short: en resumen

on the whole: en general

to sum up: Para resumir

Sequencing

after that: después de eso

all of a sudden: de repente

Finally: Finalmente

First of all: En primer lugar

in the end: al final

in the meantime: mientras tanto

meanwhile: mientras tanto

next: luego

suddenly: de repente

then: entonces, después

while: mientras

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMWujuKKRVU (Einbetten)