OCR Psychology Mental Health

SZAZ

• The myth of mental illness

Folie 2

• What does he review?

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• 4 main component within the review

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• Mental illness is a pseudoscience

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• Believes mental illness is due to...

Behaviourist explanation

• Phobia- Watson and Raynor( Little Albert) behaviour can be taught through classical conditioning
• Depression- Lewisjohn. Depression due to lack of reinforcement and environmental stressors- operant conditioning

Folie 7

• Application- meta analysis of 4 CBT trials.
• Frequency and impact of hallucinations decreased, and those were 1/2 as likely to relapse.

Cognitive explaination

• Frith- believed that a key section of having schizophrenia is having a lack of theory of mind (TOM)

Folie 9

• Majoram- 20 schizophrenics and 20 controls, 63 image cartoons on a4 card. 31 requires mental state interpretation.

Psychodynamic explanation

• Reichmann- schizophregenic mother. Described as? Her dominance leads into...? Resulting in the child being what?
• Kasanin- 33/35 cases of schizophrenia had notes of an overprotective mother.

Rosenhan

• Being sane in insane places

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• Who were the participants

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• 12 psychiatric hospitals
• 8 pseudo patients

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• How did they get admitted
• How many were admitted and with what

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• What percentage of University staff ignored students?

The medical model

• Gottesman- importance of genes on disorders.

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• 2.7 million people born in Denmark
• Had to be 10 by 2007

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• Classed as: schizophrenic, schizophrenic related disorder, bipolar effective disorder..
• Unipolar depressive disorder and a psychiatric disorder

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• Risk of offspring having disorder is doubled if one parents was schizophrenic and the other bipolar.
• (Based off ICD-8 & ICD-10)

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• Schizophrenia- Brown- post mortem showed that the brain of a schizophrenic weighed 6% less than normal brain.
• Depression- Milo- PET scans showed depressed people have less blood flow in frontal lobe, after ECT, this improved.

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• Hanquet- people that took cannibis and recreational drugs doubled their chance of being schizophrenic

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• Genetics- Gottesman( 1991)- concordance rates of schizophrenia.

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• Adoption study- Tienari- bio mother schizophrenic vs non schizophrenic. Mother schizo= 4x greater chance of offspring having it.
• Phobias- Dias and Ressler- mice inherited fears that researchers created. Evoluntionary theory.

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• Typical antipsychotics- Thornley- reviewed 50 pieces of research into effectiveness of chloropromazine. Real drug vs placebo. Drug created motor control problems and coordination.
• Atypical antipsychotics- Sharafi- Compared effectiveness of Chloropromazine to Clozapine. 20 schizophrenic ppts. Brains scans and psychometric tests completed. Both groups saw effectiveness (reduction of symptoms). Clozapine showed superiority. (Both +ve &-ve symptoms reduced)

Folie 25

• ECT- Tharyan & Adams.
• 26 controlled trials. 1,384 patients. Found that ECT has short term affects but smaller than those from drugs. Best combination was drug use (Antipsychotics) AND ECT.