Cell and Tissue Exam Questions - Dee

Seite 1

2013: Section B

2. List the three

(3) modes of secretion found in exocrine glands. Give a brief

description of each mode of secretion and name a representative

exocrine gland for each mode of secretion.

Apocrine

secretion: Secretory veiscles accumulate at the apical portion of

cell and then mass of cytoplasm and vesicles are pinched off. Eg some

sweat glands

Holocrine: Products stored in cell and accumulate

until cell ruptures. Eg sebaceous gland

Merocrine: Vesicles are

released via exocytosis when the vesicle membranes fuse with the cell

membrane. Eg salivary gland

1. List the three

(3) types of skeletal muscle fibres and give two (2) key features of

each.

Red muscle fibres, white

muscle fibres and intermediate muscle fibres.

Red (slow oxidative

fibre): extensive blood supply, rich in myoglobin and

mitochondria.

White (fast glycolytic fibre): rich in glycogen,

anaerobic.

Intermediate (fast oxidative fibres): little myoglobin,

properties intermediate between red and white fibres.

3. Draw an example

of a simple branched alveolar gland.

(Draw a sebaceous gland)

(One duct and two or more secretory portion)

4. List the four (4)

types of bone cells and give one (1) function for

each.

Osteoprogenitor cell: Stem

cell, repair bone fractures

Osteoblasts: Lay down matrix and

differentiate into osteocytes.

Osteocytes: mature bone cells, can

de-differentiate into osteoblasts and esteoprogenitor cells to repair

damaged bones.

Osteoclasts: resorption of bone (regulate Ca2+ and

PO4 concentration)

5. As a juvenile

animal matures, their long bones need to increase in diameter. List

the main events in this process.

Appositional

growth. Osteoprogenitor cells in periosteum lay down new bone

(circumferential lamellae) on the outer layer of the diaphysis to

increase diameter. Osteoclasts will remove the bone from the bony

collar to expand the medullary cavity. Medullaty cavity enlarges as

bone increases in size.

6. List the three

(3) granular leukocytes and give one (1) function of each.

Neutrophil

(white granules): Phagocytose bacteria and other particulate

material.

Basophils (blue granules): appear to play a role in

activation of T cells.

Eosinophil (red granules): phagocytose

antibodies-antigen complexes.

8. List the three

(3) layers of the meninges, beginning with the outermost layer.

Dura

mater: tough fibroelastic connective tissue

Arachnoid membrane:

fine, cobweb-like. Spaces filled with CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid)

Pia

mater: very fine reticular & collagen fibres, blood vessels.

2012 Section A:

7. Which of these

descriptions about epithelia is INCORRECT? Epithelia demonstrate:

d)

vascularity (i.e. contain blood vessels) (Correct: it is avascular)

8. Which of these

descriptions about epithelia is INCORRECT?

c) stereocilia are

a common specialization of epithelial cells and are found in the

airways where they remove debris (Correct: it is cilia)

9. Which of these

statements about fibroblasts is INCORRECT?

c) they are

phagocytic (Correct: they are not) LOL

10. Which of these

statements about dense connective tissue is INCORRECT?

c) it

has low strength but very high elasticity (Correct: High strength,

low-moderate elasticity)

11. Which of these

statements about brown adipose tissue is INCORRECT?

a) it is

less physiologically active than white adipose tissue

12. Which of the

following is NOT one of the main fibres found in connective tissue

proper?

b) laminin

13. Which of these

statements about red muscle fibres is INCORRECT?

c) they are

rich in glycogen

14. Which of these

statements about the methods of exocrine secretion is INCORRECT?

c)

in the case of epicrine secretion, secretory products diffuse through

the apical portion of the cell membrane at a constant rate (Correct:

no such thing as epicrine secretion in exocrine secretion for what we

have learnt)

15. Which of these

statements about cartilage is INCORRECT?

a) the matrix is a

firm gel that consists of proteoglycans and calcium salts (it has no

calcium)

16. Which of these

statements about the connective tissue layers of the meninges is

INCORRECT?

d) the alma mater forms the middle layer and

consists of loose (areolar) connective tissue (3 layers: dura mater,

arachnoid membrane and pia mater)

17. Which of these

statements about synapses is INCORRECT?

b) they are

exclusively excitatory (They are both excitatory and inhibitory)

40. What are the two

types of bone typically found in a long bone?

b) compact bone,

spongy bone(or called the cancellous bone)

2012 Section B:

List the 3 types of muscle

fibre and for each type:

a) list the number of nuclei

per fibre;

b) the position of the nucleus;

c) name one organ

or tissue where this muscle type is found.

Skeletal

Muscle: Multinucleated, peripheral nuclei, sphincters of digestive

tract

Cardiac Muscle: 1-2 nuclei, centrally placed, found in the

heart

Smooth Muscle: 1nucleus centrally placed, found in the

viscera.

List the key features of

endocrine glands and give one example of an endocrine

gland.

Endocrine gland: no ducts,

vascularized, secretion hormones (proteins/steroids). Eg. Thyroid

gland.

Write brief notes on each of

the following:

a) Hyaline cartilage

b) Cancellous bone

c)

Periosteum

d) Osteoclasts

Hyaline

cartilage: dense perichondrion (except at joints), matrix contains

closely packed collagen fibres.

Cancellous bone: matrix forms

trabeculae, lamellae are not arranged into Haversian

systems.

Periosteum: covers outer layer of compact bone. Has two

layers- fibrous layer and cellular layer with osteogenic

property.

Osteoclasts: For bone resorption, regulates Ca2+

and PO4

concentration and bone

remodeling.

Briefly outline the main

processes during endochondral ossification.

Chondrocytes

hypertrophy in the diaphysis and die, calcium is deposited in the

matrix, forms the primary ossification centre.

Cells of

perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts & lay down a thin

bony collar around the surface of cartilaginous diaphysis.

Blood

vessel grows into perichondrium and invades spaces left by dying

chondrocytes.

Fibroblasts migrate into areas left by dying

chondrocytes.

Fibroblasts differentiate into osteoblasts and lay

down cancellous bone.

Secondary ossification centres of

ossification in the epiphyses form cancellous bone; cartilage

remains on articular surfaces and at the level of the metaphyses.

Write brief notes on each of

the following:

a) Reticulocyte

b) Neutrophil

c) B

lymphocyte

d) Lymph

Reticulocyte:

immature erythrocyte (RBC), slightly larger than RBC with remnants

of rRNA in the cell.

Neutrophil: granular leukocytes. Has biloped

nucleus and phagocytose bacteria and particulate materials.

B

lymphocytes: Small lymphocyte: produces antibodies and is a subset

to plasma cells.

Lymph: consists of excess interstitial fluid,

foreign matter and ions (same conc. as plasma)

Draw a section of the spinal

cord and label:

a) the locations of grey and white matter

b)

the locations of afferent and efferent nerve fibres

c) the

locations of the cell bodies of both sensory and motor neurons

(Draw

a round thing, kind of) Remember we

cut off a section of spinal cord in loco prac, it is white on the

outside, so white matter is on the outside of spinal cord, grey

matter on the inside (vice versa for brain).

Dorsal:

Sensory (afferent), Ventral: Motor (efferent).

From most dorsal to ventral: General somatic afferent, General

visceral afferent, Autonomic nervous system & General somatic

efferent. (or just somatic sensory, visceral sensory, visceral motor

& somatic motor). One easy way

to remember is by our body: Viscera (our organs) is always deep and

Somatic (our skeletal muscles) always superficial.

Sensory cell

bodies in dorsal root ganglion near spinal cord (unipolar). Motor

cell bodies in grey matter of spinal cord)

2011 Section A:

7.

Which is incorrect? Surface specialisations of epithelial cells

include:

b. glycocalyx

11.

Which is incorrect? Intramembranous ossification,...

d.

requires a cartilaginous model

12.

Which is incorrect? Osteocytes…

a. divide continuously to

maintain the population of osteocytes in mature bone

13.

Which is incorrect? Neutrophils...

a. produce antibodies

14.

Which is incorrect? Erythrocytes...

b. when mature, are

anucleate in both mammalian and avian blood (nucleated in avian

(oval))

15.

Which is incorrect? Cardiac muscle cells...

d. are innervated

by autonomic nerves via specialisations called intercalated discs

16.

Which is incorrect? Goblet cells...

b. discharge their

product to the surface via a simple duct system

17.

Which is incorrect? With respect to motor end plates

(neuromuscular junctions)...

d. they innervate cardiac muscle

18.

Which is incorrect? The meninges consists of3 layers called:

d.

alma mater

25.

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of bones?

c.

Filtration of blood

Section D:

Describe, using diagrams if you

wish, the histological features, distribution and functions of white

and brown adipose tissues.

White

adipose tissues: Cells large, unilocular; has a signet ring

appearance: peripheral nucleus, rim of cytoplasm. Used for energy

storage.

Brown adipose tissues: Cells smaller, multilocular;

Nuclei round and more centrally placed; Used for heat production.

Found mainly in young animals and hibernators.

Describe, using diagrams if you

wish, the anatomical and histological structure of a long bone.

Long

bones contain three parts: epiphyses- ends of the bone, may be

surrounded by cartilage, has thin cortex of compact bone and central

area of cancellous bone; metaphyses- narrow region between diaphysis

and epiphysis; diaphysis- the hollow shaft containing marrow (in the

medullary cavity) and outer layer of compact bone.

Describe, using diagrams if you

wish, the processes of appositional and interstitial growth of

cartilage.

Interstitial growth (by

osteocytes)- Osteocyte divides into daughter cells, secrete matrix

and pushes cells apart. Appositional growth (by osteoblasts)-

Osteoblast on inner layer of periosteum divide and secrete matrix,

osteoblast then differentiate into ostrocytes.

Compare and contrast, using

diagrams if you wish, endocrine and exocrine glands. Give an example

of each type of gland.

Endocrine

glands: no ducts, highly vascularized, produces hormones

(proteins/steroids), release secretory products directly into blood

or lymph. Eg. Thyroid gland

Exocrine glands: with ducts, has some

vessels close by, does not produce hormones (eg. Mucous, serous),

release secretory products to surface epithelium. Eg. Salivary gland

List the 3 main classes of

lymphocytes and for each state the type of immunity that it

provides.

T lymphocytes: responsible

for cell-mediated immune response. Release granules that kill

virus-infected & tumour cells. (Small lymphocyte)

B

lymphocytes: produces antibodies (humoral immune response), subset

of plasma cells. (small lymphocyte)

Natural killer cells:

cell-mediate immune response. Release granules to kill virus-infect

and tumour cells. (large lymphocytes)

Draw a section of the spinal

cord and label:

a) the locations of grey and white matter

b)

the positions of afferent and efferent nerve fibres

c) the

locations ofthe cell bodies of both sensory and motor

neurons.

(Refer to 2012 Section B question 7 Answer)

Draw and label the 3 structural

classes of neurons.

(Not sure if it

means this, but): Multipolar, Bipolar and Unipolar

(pseudo-unipolar).

Multipolar: many dendrites and one

axon.

Bipolar: one axon, one dendrite

Unipolar

(pseudo-unipolar): one axon arises from a stem from the cell body

and several dendrites.

2010 Section A:

12. Which statement

is incorrect? With respect to transitional epithelium ...

C.

it is found in several tissue types, including the bladder, but is

particularly prevalent in the lungs.

13. Which statement

is incorrect? Migratory cells of connective tissue proper

A.

fibroblasts

14. Which statement

is incorrect? Flat bones ...

C. have a central medullary

cavity.

15. Which of the

following is not a leukocyte?

D. Reticulocyte.

16. Which statement

is incorrect? Smooth muscle cells ...

A. are innervated by the

nervous system via specialisations called intercalated discs.

17. Which of the

following is not a method of secretion by glandular cells:

B.

Autocrine.

18. Which of the

following is not a layer of the meninges?

B. Alma mater

19. Which statement

is incorrect? Ganglia ...

D. are always found within the

central nervous system.

2010 Section B:

2. A. Which

epithelial cell specialisation is involved in the moving of

substances across the epithelium (e.g. mucous)?

Cilia

C. Give an example

of a unicellular exocrine gland and one location where you would find

it.

goblet cells – in the respiratory and digestive tract

D. Which blood cell

is responsible for producing humoral immunity (antibody

production)?

B lymphocyte

3. Compare and

contrast appositional and interstitial growth in

cartilage.

apposition – growth by adding to the outer

surface, matrix laid out by daughter cells of osteoblasts,

osteoblasts differentiate into osteocytes.

interstitle – growth

from within, matrix laid out by daughter cells of osteocytes,

osteocytes remain the same.

4. Draw a section of

the spinal cord and label:

a) the locations of grey and white

matter

b) the positions of afferent and efferent nerve fibres

c)

the locations ofthe cell bodies of both sensory and motor

neurons.

(Refer to 2012 Section B question 7 Answer)

New Page