The Cold War (up to Marshall Plan) - created from Mind Map

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Since WW2

Ideological differences

YALTA CONFERENCE- FEB 1945

POTSDAM CONFERENCE- JULY 1945

ATOMIC BOMB DROPPED AND ITS EFFECTS- 6-10 AUG 1945

THE IRON CURTAIN: SOVIET EXPANSION IN THE EAST

TRUMAN DOCTRINE- 12 MAR 1947

THE MARSHALL PLAN- JUN 1947

COMINFORM and COMECOM

Ended in 1945

Japan surrenders- Atomic Bomb dropped in August

Germany surrenders- May

end of 1994 final offensive by Hitler in West

Soviet troops entered Berlin in the East

USA didn't return to its policy of isolation after WW2

Only two superpowers after WW2- USSR and USA

Type of Government

Economic System

Individual Rights

full part in the reorganisation of Europe

Suspicion started from towards the end of WW2

Both united by Hitler's policies but alliance was uneasy

Both wanted to impose their system on others

E.g Stalin tried to get as much territory for USSR and Communism as he could

Americans thought Stalin= 'World Communism'

Churchil gave many warnings about Stalin being allowed to take control over countries in Europe

West felt Stalin was trying to strengthen the Soviet position in Europe by occupying land from Germany and from other countries that were occupied by Germany

Soviets

Stalin's protecting USSR from future invasions

Some actions of the Allies made Stalin suspicious

Americans delayed opening second front in Europe by invading France to relieve pressure on USSR

Stalin thought- they wanted Soviet to be exhausted by fighting Germany leaving them open for attack.

He prevented this by making a buffer zone of states friendly to USSR between USSR and democratic countries of West

USA- Democratic (could vote from a choice from different parties)

USSR- One party dictatorship (could only vote for communists)

USA- Capitalist (privately owned industries and kept profit)

USSR- Communist (everything owned by state)

USA- Freedom and Rights= important and Americans against state interfering with their lives

USSR- Rights= closely controlled by the state because most important thing= good of the society as a whole.

Held before the end of WW2 to decide what to do with Germany after its defeat.

Held in Yalta, Crimea, USSR

Regarded as a success

Disagreements about government and Poland frontiers= causes problems later

Stalin

Roosevelt

Churchill

Germany divided into 4 zones occupied by Britain, France, USA and USSR

Berlin, already in Soviet control, would be split into 4

Nazi war criminals would be hunted down and tried for their crimes.

Once free from German control, Easter European states will have free elections

Stalin agreed to help against Japan in return for Soviet gains in Far East

UN organisation will be set up to replace the League

Germany will be reparations but amount will be determined later.

After Germany was defeated but during war against Japan

Altered relationships

Outcome

ROOSEVELT replaced by TRUMAN

CHURCHILL replaced by ATTLEE

POLAND 's new communist country took over part of East Germany

16 July 1945- successfully tested atomic bomb

Not told to Stalin= more suspicion

The party was supported by Stalin

No free elections happend

NOT AGREED AT YALTA

Division of Germany and treatment of war criminals confirmed.

Cooperation from the war seemed to have ended

Reparations= taken by each country from occupied zones

Western Powers didn't let USSR receive industrial equipment and goods from their zone

Americans- suffering massive casualties in taking Japanese islands and defeating Japan

USSR

Truman decided to stop this by using atomic bomb

HIROSHIMA- 6th: 140,000

NAGASAKI- 9th: 80,000

Weren't told atomic bomb would be used

Asked for gains in the Far East in return for fighting against Japan

Stalin delayed entering war- joined on 8th

Made some gain in Far East

Not allowed to share in the defeat of Japan

USSR & Communism expanded after WW2

Churchill since 1945 had suspicion and wanted the Allies to take Berlin before the Russians could get there.

In a letter to Truman in May 1945, Churchill warned him of the Soviet Union, claiming 'an iron curtain is being drawn upon their front'.

Stalin- determined to make buffer states on the western frontier

As Soviet army freed countries from Nazi, the army stayed there in control and communists government in support of USSR were set up

Stop any future invasions of Soviet Russia

Truman was not worried at first but he repeated the message in his famous Iron Curtain Speech in USA in 1946, where he asked for an alliance of the West to resist the expansion of USSR

Truman showed opposition to Communism after Greek Civil War

Justification for helping Greece

Congress accepted Truman's argument and granted $400m

Policy of containment- communism stopped within its existing boundaries and not allowed to spreas

Truman didn't mention the USSR when appealing but it was clear that the expansion of the Soviet Union was his main concern.

In 1944, British troops freed Greece from Nazi control and restored the monarchy

Restoration of the monarchy was not accepted by Communists who used guerrilla tactics against the government.

Truman = only way to check aggressive communist behaviour in Europe by using American resources.

Helped by Albania, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia

By 1947 British were unable to support the monarchy and informed America of this

By using American arms and money, communist threat was defeated by 1949

Shows America won't revert to isolation.

Used to support Greece and Turkey against communist influence

Turkey controlled the Dardanelles and was under threat of Soviet Russia.

If Turkey became communist, Greece will be surrounded by Communism

Communists felt this was the declaration of war against Communism= the start of the Cold War

Governments in France and Italy were being threatened by strong communist parties. European economy= low= WW2

Truman sent George Marshal to Europe who estimated it would take $17 billion for Europe to recover.l

Aid was given to 16 countries - first used for agriculture then to build industries.

Soviets claimed it was dollar imperialism= increase suspicion= contributed to Cold War

Congress were going to decline when events in Czech played part.

1948- communists purged non-communists and Jan Masaryk , a minister who supported the West was murdered. Communists took full control of Czech- Congress granted the money.

Britain and France received the most

Stalin prevented any communist countries but President Tito, Yugoslavia defied him and was expelled from Cominform in 1948

Plan didn't help much. Americans didn't want another depression to occur because of European economy.

Stalin set up Cominform- Communist Information Bureau after Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine- Sep1947

Satellite States- independent country under heavy influence of another country

All communist countries were a part. They could only trade with one another= more power for Stalin

In 1949 support was offered to them by the Plan with the intro of Comecon- unite the communist economies

In fact, it increased Stalin's control over them