Unit one growth and development

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Principle of growth / development

growth - physicological changes, height, head curicumference

4 principles of growth:

rate isnt constant

grows at different rates

vary between children

boys is faster than girls

development - acqulistion of skills and abilities

types:

physical development

intellecutal / cognitive development: language, memory, thinking skils

emotional development: feeling to others/ ourselves

social development: ability to form relationships, learn to be independent

development milestone - vary between individuals but follows same sequence

types:

0-3 months: use gurling, crying to communicate

18 months: say 6 to 10 words

2 years: link words together

3 years: simple sentence

8 years: reason and explain

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gross motor skils, 0-8 years

gross motor skills - control of large muscles: arms, legs

infancy 0-2yrs:

skills developm from head down

6months infant gradually control muscles in neck/back

11-13months muscles in legs develop

2 years climb onto low thing

activitys:

crawling

walking

running

balancing

climbing

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fine Motor Skills, 0-8 years

fine motor skills - control of movement in smaller muscles: fingers, hands

development of the small muscles in the fingers and hands:

new born: grasp adult fingers / pick up small objects using prince grasp

18 months: build small blocks / use a spoon using palmar gasps

3 years: use a fork and spoon / turn page of book / press buttons by developing the tripod grasp

5 years: control muscles in fingers / hand eye coordination

activities:

holding rattle

buiding blocks

playing with toys

writing

completing jigsaw puzzles

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physical development in Adlescence:

life stage between 9-18 yrs

puberty:

girls 11-13yrs

boys 13-15yrs

hormones sent to the brain - signal to the Pituary glands releases hormones that stimulate overires in girls / testes in boys produce sex hormones.

height can increase rapid over short time

role of Hormones in sexual development:

boys - testoerne produe in testes / stimulates growth of penis, testes, public hair, muscles

girls - oestrogen and progesterone in overies / stimulate growth of breast, reproductive system

primary sexual characteristics - processes related to sex organs helps birth/sex hormones

menstruation begins

penis enlargement

prostates glads produces secretion

testes enlarge and produce sperm

secondary sexual characteristics - not needed for reporduction.

growth of armpit and pubic hair

growth spurts

increased muscles

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Physical development in early adulthood:

life stage between 19-45 yrs

charateritcs physical maturity:

full height is reached

reaction time is quickest

hand eye coordination is at peak

sexual characteristcs are fully developed

physical strength / stamina at peak

fertility and permienopauce:

women are most fertile at begining of this

40-45 yrs reach end of reproductive years - perimenopauce

menopauce - reduction in oestrogen cause physical and emotional symptom.

physical and emotional sysptom of menopauce:

hot flushes

night sweats

mood swings

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physical development in middle adulthood.

life stage between 46-65 yrs

effect of ageing:

grey hair

loss of muscle tone

body shape changes

men being lose hair

loss of height

menopauce:

natural physciological change

happen over several years ending with menstruation

symptoms of menopauce are result of hormonal changes:

reduction in oestrogen : ovaries stop produceing eggs, thinning / shrinkage of vagina

reudction in oestrogen / progestrone: gradually stops menstruation impact libido

reduction in oestrogen: effect of health of hair, skin, nails / cause mood swings

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physical development in later adulthood

life stage 65+ yrs

effects of ageing:

decline in strength

loss of muscle

high suscpetibiity to infection

less elasticity in the skin

intellecutal ability:

doesnt impact cognitive ability

negatively affect how individuals processes infromation

memory

recall

speed of thinking

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intellecutal development

types:

problem solving

language development

moral development

abstract thought and creative thinking

memory

stage of life:

infancy to early childhood- 90% of brain cells are connected by the child is 5

early adulthood - gain knowledge, skills, experience

later adulthood - memory begin to decline

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Stages of cognitive development - Piaget

believed children pass through distinct development stages in sequences via play

criticism:

underestimated children development / support they can move quickly to the next stage

stages:

sensorimotor: 0-2yrs / learn about environment and develop early schemas via play

pre-operational: 2-7yrs / control their environment via symbolic behaviour / representational words and drawing and pretend play / not yet thinking logically

concrete operations: 7-11yrs / practical resources to help understand the world / classify and categories use to understand thing they see

formal operations: 11-18yrs / young people capacity for abstract thoughts / rational thought / problem solving

schematic development theory:

assimilation - an understanding of schemas

equilibrium - child experiences fits with their schemas

disequilibrium - new experiences disturbs their schemas

accommodation - child understand schemas changes to take account of new experiences

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piaget - how child thinks

believed that children think differently to adults

conservation -

the child understanding the amount remains the same even when container shapes has changed.

tested to see there reason and logical of thinking

tested via water entering more than one size container but the same amount of water in each

egocentrism -

until child is 7 there only see things from there view

tested via a mountain test (child could only see one side of mountain and not side of the doll view)

criticisms:

underestimates children rate of development

support = child develop more advance concepts

some child given experiences that help them move through the stages faster

some children see things from the perspective of other before the age of 7

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language development

stages:

infancy -

0-3 months: makes mouth movement / cries for food or comfort

6-12 months: understand some words / make sounds

18months: say between 6 to 10 words / follow simple instruction

early adulthood -

2-3 yrs: link words together / vocab increases to 200 words

3-5yrs: ask question / simple sentences / may use incorrect form of words

8yrs: speak in complex sentences / reason and explain

adolences -

9-19yrs: developing vocab / language to explain abstract ideas

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language Aquisition Device (LAD)

chomsky - hypothetical part of human mind allows infants to acquire and produce language

suggest:

born with a structure in their brains that enables them to acquire language

critical period for first language development in first year of life

follow same pattern of language development

innate understanding of structure of language / basis for all language

criticisms:

lack of scientific evidence

rate of lang development affected by amount of interaction

language doesn't acquisition support system is required

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Bowlby - theory of attachment

attachment = emotional bond formed between infant and care giver

infants are biologically pre-programmed to form attachment:

early months infant form one primary attachment

critical period for developing attachment

attachment to primary caregiver is essential

disruption to attachment has neg impact on development

model for future attachment

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Schaffer and Emerson stage of attachment

0-3 months : responds to any caregiver

4-7 months : shows preference for primary caregiver but accept care from other

7-9 months: prefers primary caregiver and seeks comfort when not happy / unhappy when seperated

10+ : develop attachment with others who responds to them

18months: forms attachment with many people

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Ainsworth - theory of attachment

3 mains types of attachment based of study of children reaction when parted with parents.

types:

Secure - parents tune with child and their emotions. infant shows destress when parents leaves and greets them when they return / seek comfort from them

avoidant - unavailable to child / rejects them. shows no distress when caregiver leaves / continues to explore

resistant - inconsistent in meeting child needs. shows distress when caregiver leaves / resist contact on their return

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Emotional development - self concept

Self-images - how individuals view themselves / influenced by how they are perceived by others

self-concept - combination of self-image and self-esteem

self-esteem - how individuals value and feel about the knowledge they have of themselves

factors which may impact self-image and self-esteem:

life experiences

sexual orientation

family / cultures

life circumstances

negative self-image - feel unattractive / receiving negative comments

positive self-image - feel attractive / positive comments

high self-esteem - feel confident / willing to try anything

low self-esteem - feels worthless / less likely to try new things

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Stages of play

play in infant and early childhood:

all children play

start to play when few months old

promotes PIECS development

stages of play:

solo play - 0-2 yrs / play on its own / aware of other are present but ignores them

Parallel play - 2-3yrs / playing next to each other but still play on there own

co-orparated play - 3yrs / sharing and talking and playing with others

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Friendship and relationships

developing relationships:

formal - develop between non-related individuals

intimate - begin in Adolescence and continue and new one throughout life

informal - built between individuals and family / start with attachment in infancy / strong informal relationship

healthy relationship : trust / acceptance / respect

negative relationship : stress / blame / low self-esteem

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social development and independence

independence is influenced by :

health

culture

stage of social development

physical disability

peer pressure: influenced ab individual to change their behaviour so they become social accepted

negative affects: smoking / drugs/ depression/ stealing

positive affects: studying / befriending /sport

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Gesells - Maturation theory

explain how biological maturation is related to overall development

bases his theory of beliefs:

development is genetically determined from birth

child follows same order sequence in their development

pace of development varies

observed:

behaviour of many children which determined average or norms he called milestones of development

milestones described child physical , social, emotional Development

positive views:

determined typical norms of development that are still used today

advanced methods to observe

negative views:

didn't consider who influences of individuals of cultural diffeences

believed norms of development he described were desirable

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Bandura - social learning theory

suggest way children behave is an interaction between personal / environmental factors

theory based on beliefs that learning through observing, limiting and modelling behaviour via:

attention - when child focuses attention on model behaviour

retention - child observed is retained in memory to use when occurs

reproductive

motivation

reinforcement:

positive - repeated due to personal satisfaction or reward

negative - not repeated to avoid bad experiences

vicarious - may be motivated due to role model / resist limiting the action due to model receives negative feedback

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Nature Vs Nurture:

debate:

nature - influence of merited feature on development based on genes

Nurture - influence of environmental factors based on characteristics

nature and Nurture - Piaget accepted that children develop in a predestined way but believed experiences help them develop concepts

genetic predisposition: can be trigged by their environment and life experiences

stress -diathesis model:

explain both nature and nurture play a part in development of physiological disorders

nature - diathesis (predisposition to mental disorder due to an abnormality of the brain )

nurture - stresses (traumatic events in person life)

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Genetic Factors:

predisposition to condition:

genes set to instruction the cell that determines growth and development

inherit 23 pairs of chromosomes / contain genes

dominant genes:

passed from one parents or both

developing conditions depends on recessive or dominant gene

example - Brittle bone disease (cause bone to break easily) / Huntington's disease (cause involuntary movement , cognitive and psychiatric disorders)

recessive genes:

must be passed on from both parents

example - cystic fibrosis (cause of build-up of thick sticky mucous that can damage the lungs) / PKU (cause intellectual disability and development delay)

condition caused by abnormality in an individual chromosomes:

down syndrome - extra copy of chromosomes 21

Colour blindness - mutation in the X chromosomes / more common in males

genetic susceptibility to disease:

increase likelihood of developing a disease due to an individuals genetic makeup

diseases = cancer, diabetes

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Biological factors

biological factors:

mother lifestyle during pregnancy can affect the health and development of unborn child

factors = poor diet / drugs / alcohol / smoking

effect on developing child:

poor lifestyle choice in pregnancy lead to = low birth weight / premature weight / learning disabilities

maternal infection:

infections such as Rubella or CMV be passed to the baby in the womb

causes = still birth / miscarriage / health problems

Foetal alcohol syndrome:

small head circumference

brain problems

abnormal growth

facial abnormailities

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Environmental factors

factors effecting human growth and development:

inherited

social

environmental

economic

biological

life events

pollution:

harmful substances contaminate the atmosphere

can be taken in via nose mouth skin

can cause respitory disorder - asthma/cancer

poor housing conditions:

lead to short term / long term issues

effects - depression / overcrowding /hypothemia / risk of infection

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health and social care service

available to support individuals with their health needs

relationships between health and social care service:

health services:

sexual health

mental health

eye contact

walk in centres

adult and children social care:

day centre and luncheon clubs

mousing

home care

supported living

access to service can prove difficult for some people:

service availability :

may be restricitions on delivery or service opening

pressure on service because of increased demands

lack of public transport to take individuals to and form services

individuals circumstances:

mobility difficulties restrict physical access

learning / communication difficulties can impact on person understanding of and contact with available services

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social factors - family dysfunction

dysfunctional families:

member of families don't carry out their responsabilties

needs of family member aren't met

sibling rivalry and conflict

abuse

reason on dysfunctional families:

parental perpetuate their own dysfunctional upbringing

entreated mental illness in one or more family members

alcohol or drug abuse

impact of dysfunctional:

negative self-image

low self-esteem

hard to build relationships and friendship

effects of parental divorce or separation:

isolation

stress

guilt

health problems

parenting styles:

supportive:

authoritative - child accepts for who they are

permissive - parents are indulgent

unsupportive:

authoritative - parents assert their authority / child is controlled

disengaged - parents are neglect and show lack of interest

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social factors - bullying

types of bullying:

verbal - name calling / racism

emotional - ignoring / stalking

cyber bullying - posting hateful things

physical - hitting / kicking

short term effects:

stress / anxiety

poor self image

depression

ED

long term effects:

Self Harm

Substance abuse

risk of sucide

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influence of culture and religion

culture, community and beliefs influences:

diet

dress

morality

lifestyle

dietary restriction:

forbid some consumption of certain food - Muslims don't eat pork

high fibre or low fats diets lower risk of high heart disease and high blood pressure / reduce cancer (possible health benefits)

nutritional deficiencies / lack of calcium, iron, vitamin B12 (possible health risk)

medical interventions:

some don't believe in blood transfusions, transplants - jehovah's Witnesses

deterioration to health and possible death (possible health risk)

social and emotional effects of culture and beliefs:

positive effects:

share the same values, beliefs and religion

accepted and are supported by others

feel valued

negative effects:

discriminated against due to there values, beliefs and religion

feel excluded

ignored and not understood

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economic factors

economic factors:

income and expenditure

lifestyles and health

employment status

education

physical effects:

+: job improve musle tone and fitness

-: cause muscle damage

intellectual effects:

+education / work

-: being out of work / low income

emotional effects:

+: high status at work lead to postive self esteem

-:low income lead to poor health

social effects:

+: afford a healthy lifestyle

-: low income leads to unhealthy lifestyle

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life events

examples:

moving house

starting school

divorce

leaving home

tyoes if transitions:

emotional - personal divorce (divorce / marriage)

physical - change of envrionment (home / school)

intellectual - job promotion / college

physiological - injury / puberty

predictable life events:

life events you know is gonna happen

positive events

unpredictable life events:

life events youo dont know will happen

marriage

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degeneration of the nervous tissue

causes:

decline in short term memory

increase in time taken to react

decline in verbal capabiliy

effects on senses

loss of neuronese and degeneraive diseases:

from strucutres of the brain that control movement may cause degenerative disease eg Parkinson disease

average age of Parkinson 60.

subsantia nigra - dopamine-producing cells

physical effects of Parkinsons disease:

tremor - shaking / begining in hands and arms

mobility - slowness of movement / muscle stiffness

cognitive effects of Parkinson disease:

anxiety

depression

impairment in thinking and problem solving

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degeneration of the sense organs

taste with age:

number of taste buds decrease / reducing enjoyment of food / saliva decreases

touch with age:

reduce sensitivity to temp / reduced sensitivty to touch / skin become sensitive

slight with age:

vision becomes less sharp / pupil react more slowlyin bright light or darkness / increase risk of muscle

hearing with age:

hearing loss / hard to hear between sounds / tinnitus

degeneration of sense organs can cause:

low self-image

anxiety

isolation

loss of independence

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osteoarthritis and nutrition

osteoarthritis:

swelling / pain in joints

damage to soft tissue around joints

hard to walk

risk of osteoarthritis is increases:

joints abnormally

being female

obesity

absorption of nutrients:

reduced producion of gastic hydrocholric acid which prevents breakdown of poteints/fats/carboyhdrates

deteriotation of functions of digestive organs and digestive lining

effect of defincies in essentital nutrients:

vitamin D - increase in risk of osteoporosis / cancer /diabetes

calcium - bone loss / increase risk of fractures

Vitamin B12 - slows creaion of red blood cells / reduce nerve function

Magnesium - impact of immune system / function of heart

Omega-3 - increase risk of arthritis / macular degeneration

Potassium - weaken body / reduce cell function / kidney function

Vitamin C - slow healing / development of healhy tissue

iron - increase the risk of anaemia

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Dementia

facts of Dementia:

stroke may cause it

lifestyle factors may cause it - smoking / diet

risk of it increase with age

progressive

Alzheimers disease:

common in dementia patiens

people over age of 65

proteins called plaques and trangles build up in brain

lead to shorttage of chemical in brain

effect transmission of signals

effcts of Alzheimer disease:

early stage - decline in short term memory / hard to do simple tasks / problem solving

later stage - language impairment / lack of judgement / agitation

final stage - unable to recognise family member / death / lack of body control

support for Alzheimers:

medication

counselling

end of life care

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effect of illness common in ageing

phsycial - make body less able to fight illness / cause pain and discomfort / reduce stamina

intellectual - short term memory loss / affect decision-making skills

emotional - lack of control / familites closer together / low-esteem

social - abilitiy to communicate in groups / reduce opportunityties

lifestyle choices:

healthy diet - additional nutrients

exercice - keeps joints mobile

drugs - non smoking reduces / medication prescription

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pyschological effect of ageing

social change and their effects:

loss of jobs and status - lakc of purpose / opportunities to try new things / reduce self esteem

losing own home - security when forced to move

death of partners / friends: grief can cause a loss of sense of safety and security

reduce mobilitiy / fitness - inability to move around and contiune to carry out

loss of independence - increase of feeling helplessness

finanical concerns:

less opportunity to socialise

less money to buy food

less money to pay for adequate heating

worry and stress

loneliness and dependence:

36% of people over 65yrs live alone

self esteem:

no longer useful

no longer independent and cant do things themselves

finanically insecure and anxious about how they will pay for things

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theory of ageing

activty theory:

social and psychological needs of individauls remain the same

people need activity and social interaction

individuals adjust to their declining health and mobility and strength

people contiune to invole themselves in the community

social disengagment theory:

people naturally withdraw from social contract older age

society withdraw from older people

people focus on their preious life and activities

family expect less from older people

older peopl become more dependent

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provision for the aged

provision for older people is needed for:

loss of mobility

loss of independence

increase risk of falls

age-related disease

prevetion of isolation

what type of provsion is available:

acute care

healthcare

social care

communtity equipment

psychological care

benefits and entitlements

end of life care

how are healthy older people helped to stay healthy:

ifleunza immunisation

winter fuel and cold weather payments

health monitoring and screening

occupational therapy

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ageing and economic effects

ageing population in the UK:

life expetancy = 79.2 yr male / 83.3yrs women

1/3 babies born today will reach 100 yr

impact of the % rise in older people on economy:

health and welfare

pension cost

employment

housing

government responses:

raise retirement age

increase taxes to pay for state pension and welfare

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The effect of life events

impact on health:

anxiety

digestive problems

stress / sleeping problems

headaches

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Holmes-Rahe - social adjustment rating scale

believed there was a correlation between psychological illness / stressful events

study:

listed 43 life events that individuals may experiences

applied score to each life events depending on the level of stress it was likely caused

patients were asked to indicare the life events they had experienced from the list

pateintd added up the score from their life events

results:

found ther was a correlation between number of units and their illness

Seite 43

cardiovascular disease and ageing

change in the heart with ageing:

heart increases in size -thicken walls, hard to relax muscle

pacemaker cells decrease - problem with rythem in heart

arterys walls narrow due to clogging by fats

value inside heart control flow of blood

health factors that can exacerbate heart disease:

diabtes

high blood cholesterol

obesity

lifestyles factors that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease:

alcohol

smoking

lack of exercie

diet of high salt

effect of cardiovascular disease in later life:

negative - anger, depression, loss of independence

positive - closer relationship with fam, choosing to improve lifestyles

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degeneration of the nervous tissue

degeneration of nervous tissue:

reduction in reflexes and movement

effect on senses

decline in verbal capability

decline in memory

facts of nervous tissue:

varies between old people

same symptoms of Alzheimers

new connection between nerve cells can develop

loss of neurones and degenerative disease:

structures of brain controls movement cause defenerative disease - Parkinsons

substantia nigra - dopamine producing cells

physical effects of Parkinsons diseases:

tremors - uncontrollable shaking / begins in hands and arms

mobility - slowness in movement / muscle stiffness

cognitive effects of Parkinsons disease:

depression

anxiety

impariment in thinking

problem solving

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degeneration of the sense organs

taste with age:

taste buds decrease

production of saliva decrease

smell decreases / hard to detect odours

touch with age:

reduces sensitivity to temp

reduces sensitivity to injury

increased sensitivity to touch which causes bruises

sights with age:

vision become less sharp

cataracts may develop - cloudy vision

pupils react slowly

hearing with age:

hearing weakens

hard to distinguish between sounds

tinnitus

social and emotional effects of degeneration of sense of organs:

isolation

anxiety

depression

hard to take part in activities

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Osteoarthritis and Nutrition

physical effects of Osteoarthritis:

swelling and pain in joints

damages to the soft tissues around joints

hard to walk

risk of osteoarthritis is increased by:

obesity

genetics

being female

injury to joints

Absorption of nutrients:

reduction of production of gastric hydrochloric acid - prevents breakdown of proteins, fats,carbs.

deterioration of function of digestive organs and digestive lining

effects of deficiencies in essential nutrients:

Vitamin D - increase risk of cancer, diabetes / reduction of body ability to absorb calcium

calcium - bones lose / increase risk of fractures

Vitamins B12 - slow creation of red blood cells / reduce nerves

Magnesiums - impact immune system / function of heart

Omega 3 - increase risk of arthritis

Potassium - weakens bones / reduces cell function

Vitamins C - lows healing / reduces cell function

Iron - increase risk of anaemia

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Dementia

facts -

stroke can cause it

lifestyle factors can cause it - unhealthy diet / smoking

old age

Alzheimers disease:

most common cause of Dementia

over the age of 65

proteins called PLAQUES and TRAINGLES build up in brain

lead to shortage of chemicals in brain - effects transmission to signal

effects of Alzheimers:

early stage - decline in short term memory / hard to do simple tasks

later stage - lack of judgement / language impairment

final stage - death / lack of control of body functions

support needs for Alzheimers:

medication

end of life care

memory clinics

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psychological effects of ageing

social changes and their effects:

lose of jobs and status - low self esteem

reduced mobility / fitness

loss of independence

reduces access to social networks

death of partners

losing own homes

financial concerns:

29% of retired people didn't have financial concerns

26% said they were just getting by

most orders don't have financial concerns

14% live in poverty

less opportuninitys to socialise

less money to buy food

self-esteem:

they no longer useful

no longer independents

can't do things for themselves

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effects of illness common in ageing

physical:

body less able to fight infection

reduce stamina

lost mobility

intellectual:

short term memory loss

decision making skills

difficulty in verbal communication

social:

opportunity to make friends

impact on socialising

affect ability to communicate in groups

emotional:

feeling out of control

low self esteem

families closer together

lifestyle choices:

healthy diet - additional nutriences

exercise - keeps joints moving

drugs - medicine

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theories of ageing

activity theory:

social and psychological eeds of individuals remain the same

people need activity and social interaction

individuals adjust to their decline health and mobility / strength

people continue to involce themselves in the community

social disengagement theory:

people naturally withdraw from social contact in older age

society withdraw from older people

focus on their previous life and activities

expect less from older people

older people become more dependent

ageing can result in transquility and be a positive development

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provision for the aged

provision for older people is needed for:

age related condition

chronic conditions

prevention of isolation

increase risk of injurys

types of provision:

acute care - meet immediate needs

healthcare - support for long term conditions

social care - own home care

community equipment - keeping people mobile

psychological care - mental health nursings

benefits and entitlement - adaption to home

end of life care - pain relief

how are healthy older people helped to stay healthy:

winter fuel and cold weather payment

infleunza immunisation

health monitorting and screening

integrated service:

formal health care - private / statutory

informal health care - provided by family / relgion

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ageing and economic effects:

ageing population in UK:

life expetancy women = 83.3yrs / males = 79.2yrs

1/3 babies born today will live past 100yrs

impact of the % rise in older people on the economy:

health and welfare

pension cost

employment

housing

government response:

rasing in retirement age

ecouraging people in work to take out private pension

increasing taxes pay for state pension / welfare

pressure on services:

families being unable / less willing to care for older family members

advances in medicine helps people to live longer

increase number of old people with conditions