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Sensation and Perception

1.Sensation-conversion of energy from the environment or signals in our bodies (peripheral nervous system and spinal cord)

Perception-interpretation of neural signals from the sensory organs (brain)

2.Sensory Modalities

Vision,Hearing,Olfaction,Skin senses,Gustation,Proprioception

3.Proprioception

Vestibular-movement of the head

Kinesthetic-relationship of body parts to each other

4.Basic taste sensation

five types-sweet,salty,sour,bitter,umami

5.Smell receptors

1)respond to chemicals from the outside air and mouth-sense of flavor

2)cause a pattern of nerve impulses to travel to olfactory bulb in the brain

6.Functions

Vision-detect movement, color and distance

A large portion of human cortex processes vision

7.Light is part of electromagnetic spectrum(energy).

Lights with different color have different wavelength.

8.Fovea-the central area of the retina

Cochlea contains receptors of hearing-sound strikes the ear drum-stronger vibrations of connected three tiny bones transforms to smaller stirrup-fluid-filled cochlea

9.Blind spot-where optic nerve exists

10.Photorecepters

Cones-center of retina(fovea)-sensitive to color and details

Rods-periphery of retina-sensitive to movement but poor details

11.Trichromatic Theory

Three types of cones are sensitive to specific ranges of wavelengths

Short-blue Medium-green Long-red

12.Opponent Process Theory

People see colored images after staring at an object of one color.

red-green yellow-blue white-black

Cells in visual path-ganglion cells

13.Retinex Theory

We see colors as a result of comparing wavelengths of light from different areas.

14.Gate Theory of Pain

Pain messages must pass a gate which can block the messages (other inputs close the gate)

15.Substance P-neurotransmitter-releases pains

Endorphin(morphine is identical)-neurotransmitter-inhibit release of substance P

16.Interpretation-integrate sensory input with memory

17.Subliminal Perception

Brief exposure to stimuli that can't be noticed can influence people's behavior

No evidence founded, but subtle "priming" effects

18.Phonemic restoration effect

Sounds actually missing from a speech signal can be restored by the brain and may appear to be heard.

19.Absolute Threshold

Intensity at which a given individual can detect a

stimulus 50% of the time

20.Signal Detection Theory

Sensitivity

21.Feature Detectors

respond to presence of simple features, e.g. lines and angles

22.Gestalt Psychology

"The whole is different from the sum of its parts"

Incorporated into cognitive psychology

Common fate-natural tendency to move and combine things

Closure-imagine sth exists behind the rest of the figure

23.Reversible figures

Can be perceived in more than one way

24.Retinal disparity and convergence

Binocular cues-both eyes

Monocular cues-judge depth and distance with one eye/both eyes see the same image

25.Visual constancy

Tendency to perceive objects as keeping their shape, size and color, despite distortions in the actual pattern reaching the retina.

26.Illusions

Result of insufficient cues for

successfully computing depth and size interpretations .