Quiz
Hexpods
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1Hexapoda = a subphylum of [blank_start]arthropods[blank_end], which makes up a [blank_start]big[blank_end] majority of all animal species, especially beetles
- they are mostly [blank_start]terrestrial[blank_end] (on land)
- made up of head; thorax; abdomen
- [blank_start]uniramous[blank_end] appendages
- means 'six [blank_start]feet[blank_end]'
- thorax has 3 [blank_start]segments[blank_end] > head is not clearly segmented but if you look at the way it develops you can see segmentation
- up to 12 segments in abdomen
- [blank_start]1[blank_end] pair of antennae
- includes insects and 3 much smaller groups of small [blank_start]wingless[blank_end] arthropods including spring tails- Aarthropods
- Bbig
- Cterrestrial
- Duniramous
- Efeet
- Fsegments
- G1
- Hwingless
2[blank_start]Apterygotes[blank_end] = 'lack wings'
- have no [blank_start]wings[blank_end]
- includes springtails and silver [blank_start]fish[blank_end]
- first evolved in [blank_start]Silurian[blank_end] period (after the cambrian period
- larvae are very similar to adults but [blank_start]smaller[blank_end] > no real change in body form
- 6 leggedness probably evolved separately [blank_start]4[blank_end] times
- some have internal jaws with a single hinge and muscles inside their [blank_start]antennae[blank_end]
- others, as well as insects, have external jaws with 2 hinges and [blank_start]no[blank_end] muscles inside their antennae- AApterygotes
- Bwings
- Cfish
- DSilurian
- Esmaller
- F4
- Gantennae
- Hno
3Insects = class of hexopod, arthropods
- means 'in [blank_start]sections[blank_end]' > divided into head, thorax and abdomen
- first evolved in the [blank_start]Silurian[blank_end] period (after the Cambrian period)
- most adults have [blank_start]2[blank_end] pairs of wings
- [blank_start]3[blank_end] pairs of legs
- [blank_start]3[blank_end] eating appendages
- mostly quite [blank_start]small[blank_end] in size
- more than 1 million species described; [blank_start]half[blank_end] of all known species
- most hatch from an [blank_start]egg[blank_end]
- all [blank_start]moult[blank_end] several times
- [blank_start]terrestrial[blank_end] (live on land)
- respire through [blank_start]trachae[blank_end] = air pipes that deliver oxygen to tissues and remove carbon [blank_start]dioxide[blank_end]- Asections
- BSilurian
- C2
- D3
- E3
- Fsmall
- Ghalf
- Hegg
- Imoult
- Jterrestrial
- Ktrachae
- Ldioxide
4Insect locomotion includes:
- [blank_start]running[blank_end], jumping, swimming, flying
Insects:
- have well-developed sense organs and [blank_start]nervous[blank_end] systems
- most lead solitary lives (live on their own) but some are highly [blank_start]social[blank_end]- Arunning
- Bnervous
- Csocial
5Insect Anatomy = 3 major regions; head, [blank_start]thorax[blank_end], abdomen
- thorax = 3 segments
- abdomen = < [blank_start]12[blank_end] segments
- head = derived from [blank_start]6[blank_end] segments but those fuse together, making it hard to make out individual segments in adults
- 2 pairs of [blank_start]wings[blank_end]
- [blank_start]3[blank_end] pairs of legs
- [blank_start]3[blank_end] eating appendages
- different regions of [blank_start]gut[blank_end] with different digestive functions
- well-developed nervous system > [blank_start]ganglia[blank_end] can fuse together- Athorax
- B12
- C6
- Dwings
- E3
- F3
- Ggut
- Hganglia
6Insects respire through [blank_start]tracheae[blank_end], air pipes that deliver [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end] to tissues
- one problem with trachae is [blank_start]water[blank_end] can be lost from them
- so insects have to have conserving mechanisms e.g. [blank_start]spiracles[blank_end] (holes) which can open and close to prevent water loss- Atracheae
- Boxygen
- Cwater
- Dspiracles
7Respiration via [blank_start]tracheae[blank_end]
- [blank_start]spiracle[blank_end] valves reduce water loss
- blood usually does not deliver [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end], done by the air tubes of tracheae instead
- insect size is limited by oxygen
- spiracle connects the cuticle and the hard [blank_start]exoskeleton[blank_end]
- tracheoles make intimate contact with cells inside the body
- unlike crustacea, the blood doesn't deliver oxygen to the tissue therefore they do not need as [blank_start]high[blank_end] blood pressure
- to get oxygen to the tissues, it need to [blank_start]diffuse[blank_end] > the bigger you are the slower the diffusion, this is the size of [blank_start]insects[blank_end] is limited by oxygen
too large insect = diffusion = too [blank_start]slow[blank_end]- Atracheae
- Bspiracle
- Coxygen
- Dexoskeleton
- Ehigh
- Fdiffuse
- Gslow
- Hinsects
8[blank_start]Malpighian[blank_end] tubes = excretory organ attached to the hind region of [blank_start]gut[blank_end] in insects
- gets rid of [blank_start]nitrogenous[blank_end] waste as uric acid- AMalpighian
- Bgut
- Cnitrogenous
9Where do insects live?
- most insects are [blank_start]terrestrial[blank_end] (land and air)
- some [blank_start]fresh[blank_end] water
- 2 [blank_start]marine[blank_end] species- Aterrestrial
- Bfresh
- Cmarine
10Insect life cycles
- most hatch from [blank_start]egg[blank_end]
- all [blank_start]moult[blank_end] several times = ecdysozoans
- metamorphosis = 'change in form'
- [blank_start]hemimetabolous[blank_end] life cycles = incomplete metamorphosis e.g. dragonfly, grass hopper
- [blank_start]holometabolous[blank_end] life cycle = complete metamorphosis e.g. butterfly, honeybee, beetle, housefly
- [blank_start]larval[blank_end] forms eat a lot and grow
- whereas [blank_start]adult[blank_end] forms reproduce and disperse
This division of roles in the opposite of the roles in [blank_start]crustacea[blank_end]- Aegg
- Bmoult
- Chemimetabolous
- Dholometabolous
- Elarval
- Fadult
- Gcrustacea
11Hemimetabolous = [blank_start]incomplete[blank_end] metamorphosis
- e.g. dragonfly, grasshopper
- small grasshopper called a nymph; body form similar to adult but doesn't have wings only wing [blank_start]buds[blank_end] which grow and get larger
- then [blank_start]moult[blank_end] several times until adult- Aincomplete
- Bbuds
- Cmoult
12[blank_start]Hemimetabolous[blank_end] life cycle of a dragonfly larvae
- on a warm summers evening [blank_start]larvae[blank_end] climb in a water plant stem and the adult emerges from the larval [blank_start]skin[blank_end] > breaks along the [blank_start]dorsal[blank_end] surface; soft and [blank_start]vulnerable[blank_end] adult emerges then [blank_start]hardens[blank_end] and becomes and adult dragonfly- AHemimetabolous
- Blarvae
- Cskin
- Ddorsal
- Evulnerable
- Fhardens
13[blank_start]holometabolous[blank_end] = complete metamorphosis
- e.g. butterfly, honeybee, housefly
- house flies hatch out as [blank_start]worm[blank_end] like larvae (no wings, no eyes no legs; completely [blank_start]different[blank_end] body form
- then undergoes a series of moults then forms a hard case around called a [blank_start]pupa[blank_end]
- inside the pupa all the [blank_start]cells[blank_end] and tissue of larvae become reorganised, some disappear and some new structures appear
- adult emerges from the [blank_start]pupa[blank_end] with wings, eggs and legs
e.g. butterfly - caterpillar is brightly coloured as warning colour to birds > series of moults pupates into [blank_start]chrysalis[blank_end]
- in the chrysalis the [blank_start]cells[blank_end] are reorganised then adult butterfly emerges from pupal case- Aholometabolous
- Bworm
- Cdifferent
- Dpupa
- Ecells
- Fpupa
- Gchrysalis
- Hcells
14Flights in Insects
- most [blank_start]adult[blank_end] insects can fly
- serves the advantage of distributing the species
- each wing is moved by more than a [blank_start]dozen[blank_end] (12) muscles
- not just up and down: twist, backwards, forwards
- wings articulate around a complicated [blank_start]joint[blank_end] structure
- [blank_start]direct[blank_end] flight muscles > attach directly to wing base; power in dragonflies, many of locust's flight muscles
- [blank_start]indirect[blank_end] flight muscles > move wings by deforming the [blank_start]thorax[blank_end] > some are [blank_start]stretch[blank_end] activated; tend to occur in wing beats over 20/second others = each contraction triggered by the [blank_start]central[blank_end] nervous system- Aadult
- Bdozen
- Cjoint
- Ddirect
- Eindirect
- Fthorax
- Gstretch
- Hcentral
15Insect flight continued > insects have very many small [blank_start]strain[blank_end] sensors associated with wings
- insects also have good eyes and [blank_start]ocelli[blank_end]
ocelli = simple eye, typically insects have [blank_start]3[blank_end] ocelli, tend to tell the insect where the [blank_start]horizon[blank_end] is to stabilise flight
note: not all insects have [blank_start]ocelli[blank_end] e.g. beetles- Astrain
- Bocelli
- C3
- Dhorizon
- Eocelli
16When did flight evolve?
- evolved some time in the [blank_start]Carboniferous[blank_end] period (350mya)
- wings could have originated from: moveable [blank_start]gills[blank_end], radiators (to get rid of or absorb heat; temperature control), ways of gliding among vegetation, skimming soil or [blank_start]water[blank_end] surface
Evolution of insects and flowering [blank_start]plants[blank_end] often closely associated: plants as food-defences, pollination- ACarboniferous
- Bgills
- Cwater
- Dplants
17Well-developed Sense Organs and Central Nervous System
- [blank_start]antennae[blank_end] enable insects to feel things and most importantly functions as the nose = [blank_start]chemoreceptors[blank_end] as hairs on antennae
the [blank_start]brain[blank_end] in insects is a glorified ganglion
Insects have a number of specialised sense that differ from those of humans
- most detect [blank_start]UV[blank_end] light but not red as colorus
- several use plane of polarisation of light for [blank_start]navigation[blank_end]
- some detect and respond to [blank_start]bat[blank_end] cries (mega and microchiroptera)
- some are extremely sensitive to [blank_start]pheromones[blank_end] = sex attractant molecules e.g. moths- Aantennae
- Bchemoreceptors
- Cbrain
- DUV
- Enavigation
- Fbat
- Gpheromones
18[blank_start]Odonata[blank_end] = order of insect; means toothed
- dragonflies and damsel flies
- active > hunt for food
- larvae are voracious [blank_start]predators[blank_end] (eat a lot)
- [blank_start]hemimetabolous[blank_end] (incomplete metamorphosis)- AOdonata
- Bpredators
- Chemimetabolous
19Order [blank_start]Orthoptera[blank_end] = means straight winged
- grass hoppers and [blank_start]crickets[blank_end]
- sing to attract mates
- [blank_start]hemimetabolous[blank_end] (incomplete metamorphosis)
- locusts = grasshoppers have 2 life styles: solitarious and gregarious (sociable) > [blank_start]gregarious[blank_end] locusts are a major pest- AOrthoptera
- Bcrickets
- Chemimetabolous
- Dgregarious
20Order [blank_start]Diptera[blank_end] = means two winged
- true flies e.g. blow fly, house fly
- second pair of wings modified to form [blank_start]halteres[blank_end] = flight controlling gyroscopes (for navigation)
- [blank_start]holometabolous[blank_end] (complete metamorphosis)- ADiptera
- Bhalteres
- Cholometabolous
21[blank_start]halteres[blank_end] = second pair of modified wings in the order [blank_start]diptera[blank_end] of insects, modified to flight controlling gyroscopes
- Ahalteres
- Bdiptera
22[blank_start]Hymenoptera[blank_end] = means membrane winged
- [blank_start]bees[blank_end], wasps, ants
- some are high sociable
- can directly injure humans
- [blank_start]holometabolous[blank_end] (complete metamorphosis)- AHymenoptera
- Bbees
- Cholometabolous
23Order [blank_start]Coleoptera[blank_end]
- means 'sheath winged'
- [blank_start]beetles[blank_end]
- [blank_start]holometabolous[blank_end] (complete metamorphosis)
- 1/4 of animals are beetles- AColeoptera
- Bbeetles
- Cholometabolous
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Animal Kingdom Quiz am Hexpods, erstellt von sophie waddington am 30/04/2018.
- Autor
- sophie waddington
- Sprache
- English
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- 0
- Schlagwörter
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