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Project Management Final CH 1-10

Beschreibung

Contains all questions and answers from the previous chapter exams (CH 1-10)
Anthony Schulmeister
Quiz von Anthony Schulmeister, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
Anthony Schulmeister
Erstellt von Anthony Schulmeister vor mehr als 6 Jahre
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage 1

Frage
Identify the example that would not usually be considered a project.
Antworten
  • building a house
  • developing a computer software application program
  • hosting a wedding reception
  • assembly line manufacturing of automobiles

Frage 2

Frage
According to the authors, the prime objectives of project management are
Antworten
  • scope, cost, time
  • quality, scope, schedule
  • customer satisfaction, budget, schedule
  • cost, quality, customer satisfaction

Frage 3

Frage
In a conventional project lifecycle, as work progresses, uncertainty about the expected outcome should
Antworten
  • become a constant
  • decrease
  • increase
  • be fully removed

Frage 4

Frage
The attributes that characterize a project are
Antworten
  • purpose, repetition, inter-dependencies, consistency, uncertainty, conflict, and one¬time occurrence
  • life cycle, schedule, cost, uncertainty, independence, uniqueness, and purpose
  • resources, uniqueness, conflict, inter-dependencies, one-time occurrence, and finite duration,
  • purpose, life cycle, conflict, certainty, independence, performance, and finite duration

Frage 5

Frage
The "stretched-5" pattern observed during the project lifecycle, for the most part, is a result of the
Antworten
  • changing levels of resources used during successive stages of the project lifecycle
  • changing attitudes of the people who work in the project
  • difficulty in performing the individual activities of a project
  • principle that work expands to fill the allotted time

Frage 6

Frage
The desired outcomes or results of a project are called
Antworten
  • subgroups
  • work packages
  • subprojects
  • deliverables

Frage 7

Frage
Earned value is based on the concept that the percentage of project completion is closely correlated with
Antworten
  • the number of levels in the project
  • relevance of the project
  • cost or the use of resources
  • final assembly of the output

Frage 8

Frage
Which of the following is not one of the four dimensions of project success?
Antworten
  • opening new opportunities for the future
  • number of people working on the project
  • impact on the customer
  • business impact on the organization

Frage 9

Frage
The project to construct a highway is unique because
Antworten
  • the characteristics of terrain will be different for different segments
  • consistency of the concrete will vary for different segments
  • different types of laborers will be used to build various segments of the highway
  • different people manage different sections of the highway

Frage 10

Frage
Projects often interact with other projects being carried out simultaneously within the organization and these interactions take the form of competition for scarce resources between project. This is an example of project
Antworten
  • bottleneck
  • breakdown
  • interdependencies
  • malfunctioning

Frage 11

Frage
When done properly, project management begins with
Antworten
  • stakeholder interviews
  • scope definition
  • the initial concept for the project
  • budget estimation

Frage 12

Frage
The chance that project processes or outcomes will not turn out as planned is called
Antworten
  • risk
  • projecting
  • effort
  • negative outcome

Frage 13

Frage
Having only partial or no information about the situation or outcomes is called
Antworten
  • uncertainty
  • risk
  • effort
  • cluelessness

Frage 14

Frage
Relations between organizational functions, where one function or task is dependent on others, are known as
Antworten
  • interdependencies
  • links
  • projects
  • tasks

Frage 15

Frage
The of the project team is a crucial but unstated element of ancillary trade- offs that the project manager must consider.
Antworten
  • health
  • plan
  • task
  • effort

Frage 16

Frage
The project is generally credited with beginning the era of modern project management
Antworten
  • Manhattan
  • Chicago
  • Great Wall of China
  • Egyptian pyramids

Frage 17

Frage
is a subset of a project consisting of work packages
Antworten
  • task
  • program
  • project
  • process

Frage 18

Frage
Projects are bound by the three objectives of scope, time, and cost. These are collectively referred to as the
Antworten
  • Triple Constraint
  • Triple Factors
  • Three Constraints
  • Triple Play

Frage 19

Frage
Individuals or groups with a special interest in a project are called
Antworten
  • stakeholders
  • project managers
  • leaders
  • directors

Frage 20

Frage
The production of weekly employment reports or the delivery of mail could be considered a
Antworten
  • project
  • non-project
  • quasi-projects
  • triple projects

Frage 21

Frage
Which of the following demonstrates the quality of flexibility required of a project selection model?
Antworten
  • It does not require special interpretation, data that are difficult to acquire, or excessive personnel.
  • It gives valid results within the range of conditions that the firm might experience.
  • It reflects the multiple objectives of both the firm and its managers.
  • It deals with situations both internal and external to the project.

Frage 22

Frage
The two basic types of project selection models identified in the text are
Antworten
  • biased and unbiased
  • numeric and nonnumeric
  • active and passive
  • numeric and qualitative

Frage 23

Frage
If a system is being updated due to operating necessity, the project was selected because
Antworten
  • the system is worth saving at any cost
  • the system is worth saving at the estimated cost of the project
  • the dimension of cost is not relevant to execution of the project
  • the cost overruns can be hidden in someone else's budget

Frage 24

Frage
The drawback of the ___________ model is that it fails to consider cash flows obtained once the initial investment has been recovered.
Antworten
  • payback period
  • average rate of return
  • discounted cash flow
  • profitability index

Frage 25

Frage
If the NPV for a project is < 0, it indicates that the project will
Antworten
  • report a profit loss
  • report a profit gain
  • fail to cover its required rate of return
  • fail to generate cash inflows

Frage 26

Frage
Scoring models are most often used to overcome this disadvantage of profitability models.
Antworten
  • The inability to account for the time value of money
  • The inability to account for project results beyond the payback period
  • The inability to account for multiple decision criteria
  • The inability to account for cash flow

Frage 27

Frage
Firms usually have two or more projects and this collection of projects is referred to as
Antworten
  • a portfolio
  • an initiation
  • a program
  • a stochastic model

Frage 28

Frage
A technique useful for developing numeric values that are equivalent to subjective, verbal measures of relative value is the
Antworten
  • Delphi system
  • expert system
  • portfolio
  • simulation

Frage 29

Frage
Which of the following is a type of numeric model?
Antworten
  • the sacred cow
  • the operating necessity
  • payback period
  • the product line extension

Frage 30

Frage
The _________ is the value of an opportunity foregone
Antworten
  • real option
  • profit
  • opportunity cost
  • revenue

Frage 31

Frage
The _________ is the interest rate set by an organization as the minimum acceptable rate of return for a project
Antworten
  • hurdle rate
  • acceptable rate
  • internal rate of return
  • net present value

Frage 32

Frage
In a project portfolio, _______________ projects have objectives or deliverables that are only incrementally different in both product and process from existing offerings.
Antworten
  • breakthrough
  • R&D
  • platform
  • derivative

Frage 33

Frage
In a project portfolio, a project that involves a new technology or even a disruptive technology that is known to the industry would serve as an example of a project
Antworten
  • breakthrough
  • R&D
  • platform
  • derivitive

Frage 34

Frage
The set of documents submitted when evaluating a project is referred to as the
Antworten
  • project proposal
  • evaluation set
  • evaluation criteria
  • project manual

Frage 35

Frage
When the decision maker's information is not complete, he/she will have to make a decision under conditions of
Antworten
  • proof
  • uncertainty
  • management
  • risk mitigation

Frage 36

Frage
The discounted cash flow method determines the net present value of all cash flows by discounting them by the
Antworten
  • hurdle rate
  • acceptable rate
  • internal rate of return
  • net present value

Frage 37

Frage
Financial forecasts are reported as __________ financial statements.
Antworten
  • final
  • initial
  • pro forma
  • hypothetical

Frage 38

Frage
A project selection criteria that focuses on how well new products would fit the firm's existing product line would be
Antworten
  • sustainability
  • comparative benefit model
  • production line extension
  • operating necessity

Frage 39

Frage
According to research by Sanchez and Robert (2010), which of the following is not a reason why strategic benefits may be difficult to appraise?
Antworten
  • Not immediately realized
  • Difficult to quantify
  • May be confounded with other factors
  • Easy to plan for when they occur

Frage 40

Frage
________ is a modeling technique for emulating a process, usually conducted a considerable number of times to understand the process better and measure its outcomes under different policies.
Antworten
  • Simulation
  • Project management
  • Projectizing
  • Modeling

Frage 41

Frage
According to the authors, the analytic method, when applied to systems, focuses on
Antworten
  • assembling the components of a system into an integrated package
  • building an array of individually designed and manufactured components
  • calculating the cost and schedule requirements
  • dividing the components of a system into smaller and smaller elements

Frage 42

Frage
The ideal project manager should be
Antworten
  • a direct, technical supervisor knowledgeable in the technology of the process being used
  • both generalist/facilitator and have a high level of technical competence in the science of the project
  • a facilitator and specialist with technical credibility
  • a technical specialist competent in principles of robust design

Frage 43

Frage
The project manager must make trade-offs between project progress and process. Conceptually, this involves trade-offs between the _______ functions.
Antworten
  • technical and managerial
  • schedule and cost
  • performance and schedule
  • cost and performance

Frage 44

Frage
According to the authors the project manager should be more skilled at
Antworten
  • general management
  • technology
  • synthesis
  • analysis

Frage 45

Frage
The project manager needs _______ credibility.
Antworten
  • technical and personal
  • administrative and personal
  • technical and administrative
  • technical and financial

Frage 46

Frage
Projects are conducted in four important environments. They are
Antworten
  • economic, political, legal, and sociotechnical
  • internal, external, transitional, and multicultural
  • routine, unique, fast-paced, and complex
  • profit, not for profit, government, and industry

Frage 47

Frage
According to the authors, the key to coping with uncertainty at the end of a project (a common obstacle for project managers) is
Antworten
  • discipline
  • communication
  • planning
  • supervision

Frage 48

Frage
During the buildup phase, the project goals, in order of importance, are
Antworten
  • schedule, scope, cost
  • cost, schedule, scope
  • schedule, cost, scope
  • cost, scope, schedule

Frage 49

Frage
Resources initially budgeted for a project are frequently _________ for the task, partly because of natural optimism by the proposer about how many resources are needed.
Antworten
  • sufficient
  • delayed
  • insufficient
  • hindrances

Frage 50

Frage
Most of the time spent by a project manager is spent
Antworten
  • attending technical workshops
  • overseeing the workforce
  • filing paperwork
  • coordinating and communicating

Frage 51

Frage
11. The functional manager uses the ________ approach and the PM uses the ________ approach
Antworten
  • systems; analytic
  • numerical; nonnumeric
  • analytic; systems
  • nonnumeric; numerical

Frage 52

Frage
The project manager's responsibility to the project and to the client is met by ensuring that the _______ of the project is preserved in spite of conflicting demands made by stakeholders.
Antworten
  • management
  • integrity
  • analysis
  • synthesis

Frage 53

Frage
During the final or phaseout stage of the project lifecycle, ___________ is the dominant goal of many project managers.
Antworten
  • schedule
  • cost
  • scope
  • quality

Frage 54

Frage
The structure of a society is determined by its
Antworten
  • institutions
  • wages
  • jobs
  • enemies

Frage 55

Frage
Which of the following is not a phase in the Tuckman ladder?
Antworten
  • forming
  • defining
  • norming
  • mourning

Frage 56

Frage
The _________ is a person who spearheads an idea or action and sells it throughout the organization.
Antworten
  • stakeholder
  • champion
  • interviewer
  • coach

Frage 57

Frage
The ______________ is an alternative action if the expected result fails to materialize.
Antworten
  • trade-off
  • system plan
  • feedback
  • contingency plan

Frage 58

Frage
The __________ represents everything outside the system that delivers inputs or receives outputs from the system.
Antworten
  • environment
  • feedback
  • culture
  • system

Frage 59

Frage
The __________ is the "corporate culture" within the organization, or even within the project
Antworten
  • cultural anomaly
  • microculture
  • multiculture
  • interfirm culture

Frage 60

Frage
The project manager makes a ___________ by allowing one aspect of the project to get worse in return for allowing another aspect of the project to get better.
Antworten
  • decision
  • turnaround
  • trade-off
  • chart

Frage 61

Frage
A party to a conflict will usually be satisfied when the level of frustration has been
Antworten
  • increased by the domination of the other party
  • lowered to the point where no action against the other party is contemplated
  • lowered because the party realizes the hopelessness of continuing the conflict
  • eliminated because the party has surrendered to the other party

Frage 62

Frage
Most of the conflicts that involve the organization and outsiders have to do with
Antworten
  • interpersonal differences
  • cultural differences and status differences
  • technical differences
  • property rights and contractual obligations

Frage 63

Frage
During project formation, the organizational structure selected will have a major impact on the ways in which conflicts are handled. Lack of clarity about the relative power/influence/authority of the PM and the functional managers is a major component of all conflicts involving
Antworten
  • contractual obligations
  • property rights
  • budgeting
  • resource allocation, and scheduling

Frage 64

Frage
If a resource conflict arises between two high-priority projects, precedence is typically given to the project with the
Antworten
  • earliest due date
  • fastest completion time
  • biggest revenue stream
  • lowest cost to complete

Frage 65

Frage
During project build-up, the project should move from a general concept to
Antworten
  • implementation of plans
  • a highly detailed set of plans
  • a project charter
  • a project contract

Frage 66

Frage
During project build-up, if the project is independent and standalone, the project manager seeks a commitment of __________ from the functional departments.
Antworten
  • work
  • materials
  • people
  • budgets

Frage 67

Frage
During project build-up, if the project is functionally tied down, the project manager seeks a commitment of _________ from the functional departments.
Antworten
  • work
  • materials
  • people
  • budgets

Frage 68

Frage
Personality conflicts during project phase-out are often caused by
Antworten
  • the absence of deadlines
  • the influx of newer technology
  • pressure to complete the project and anxiety about leaving the project
  • distribution of expenses charged to the project

Frage 69

Frage
According to the authors, the nature of negotiation as it applies to project management is the realization that few of the conflicts arising in projects have to do with
Antworten
  • whether or not the task will be done
  • the precise design of the deliverable
  • how the design will be achieved
  • who will do the work, when, and at what cost

Frage 70

Frage
When dealing with conflict between parties, it is recommended that one _______ in order to avoid the conflict becoming interpersonal.
Antworten
  • avoid the situation
  • define the substantive problem
  • leisurely discuss the issue
  • focus on interests

Frage 71

Frage
Partnering is an attempt to _________ the risk associated with sub-contracting.
Antworten
  • mitigate
  • Increase
  • absorb
  • allow

Frage 72

Frage
_________ is the process which begins when one party perceives that the other has frustrated, or is about to frustrate, some concern of his.
Antworten
  • conflict
  • happiness
  • contentment
  • utility

Frage 73

Frage
According to the authors, the favored technique for resolving conflict is
Antworten
  • negotiation
  • mitigation
  • avoidance
  • collaboration

Frage 74

Frage
The process through which two or more parties seek an acceptable rate of exchange for items they own or control is called
Antworten
  • negotiation
  • mitigation
  • compromising
  • collaboration

Frage 75

Frage
During the early program phases of the project lifecycle, Thamhain et al say that conflict intensity is the greatest with respect to
Antworten
  • cost
  • schedules
  • scope
  • quality

Frage 76

Frage
During the main program phases of the project lifecycle, Thamhain et al say that conflict intensity is the greatest with respect to
Antworten
  • cost
  • schedules
  • scope
  • quality

Frage 77

Frage
Toward the end of the project lifecycle, Thamhain et at say that conflict intensity is the greatest with respect to
Antworten
  • cost
  • schedules
  • scope
  • quality

Frage 78

Frage
Negotiating to a(n) __________ solution is the key to conflict resolution in project management.
Antworten
  • win-lose
  • win-win
  • avoidance
  • confrontation

Frage 79

Frage
The total level of conflict in the project lifecycle is highest during the _________ stage
Antworten
  • closing
  • main program
  • project build-up
  • project formation

Frage 80

Frage
The ___________ approach to negotiation aims to achieve a win-win result.
Antworten
  • principled
  • posititional
  • stakeholder
  • paretto

Frage 81

Frage
If the project manager controls when and what people do while the functional managers control who will be assigned to the project and what technology will be used, the ______organizational form is probably being used.
Antworten
  • projectized
  • pure project
  • matrix
  • weak project

Frage 82

Frage
In the systems approach to design, one organization would have to take responsibility for
Antworten
  • manufacturing everything in the system
  • the integrity of the project design
  • the integrity of the subcontractors
  • product warranties

Frage 83

Frage
The process of dealing with uncertainties in projects that may affect the project for better or for worse has come to be known as
Antworten
  • scope management
  • risk management
  • quality management
  • procurement management

Frage 84

Frage
A common objective of an organization's PM is often created by organizations to
Antworten
  • establish consistent project management standards and methods
  • deal with technological obsolescence
  • train process managers
  • administer application software

Frage 85

Frage
A major purpose of the project management office should be to serve as
Antworten
  • the central location for all clerical support
  • the critical disaster recovery support
  • a link between strategic management and project management
  • maintenance for the project management library

Frage 86

Frage
This member of the project team is in charge of product design and development and is responsible for functional analysis, specifications, drawings, cost estimates, quality/reliability, engineering changes, and documentation
Antworten
  • systems architect
  • manufacturing engineer
  • project controller
  • support services manager

Frage 87

Frage
This member of the project team is responsible for the efficient production of the product of the process, including the manufacturing engineering, design and production of tooling, production scheduling, and other production tasks
Antworten
  • project engineer
  • development engineer
  • contract administrator
  • support services manager

Frage 88

Frage
This person is responsible for the installation, testing, and support of the product (process) once its engineering is complete.
Antworten
  • development engineer
  • systems architect
  • test engineer
  • project controller

Frage 89

Frage
One of the main technical problems faced by the project manager is meeting ________ without compromising performance.
Antworten
  • supplier's targets
  • schedule and cost goals
  • technical specifications
  • cost and conflict goals

Frage 90

Frage
A major advantage of using a _________ placement for a project is that individual experts can be utilized by many different projects.
Antworten
  • standard
  • virtual
  • projectized
  • functional

Frage 91

Frage
Virtual teams, when composed, should consist of "boundary spanners" who number about one in every _________ team members
Antworten
  • 6-7
  • 8-12
  • 10-20
  • 25-30

Frage 92

Frage
When a firm engages in a large number of similar projects, the ___________ organizational form is apt to be preferred.
Antworten
  • pure project
  • partial matrix
  • functional
  • mixed matrix

Frage 93

Frage
When the standard departments of the organization represent individual disciplines such as engineering, marketing, purchasing, and so on, the organization follows
Antworten
  • projectized management
  • matrixed management
  • functional management
  • mixed management

Frage 94

Frage
The firm or organization within which the project is being conducted is known as the
Antworten
  • parent organization
  • consulting firm
  • project team
  • stakeholder company

Frage 95

Frage
______________ engineering refers to the use of a design team that includes design and manufacturing engineers as well as staff from other relevant areas of the business.
Antworten
  • Concurrent
  • Alignment
  • Matrix
  • Social

Frage 96

Frage
The _________ is a basic project document that describes all the work that must be done to complete the project and forms the basis for costing, scheduling, and work
Antworten
  • WBS
  • OBS
  • PMO
  • project charter

Frage 97

Frage
The approach to organizing that includes both functions (disciplines) and projects in its hierarchy is known as the
Antworten
  • mixed organization
  • functional organization
  • projectized organization
  • matrix organization

Frage 98

Frage
This person's task is the efficient production of the product or process the project engineer has designed, including responsibility for manufacturing engineering, design and production of code, unit testing, production scheduling, and other production tasks.
Antworten
  • test engineer
  • contract administrator
  • development engineer
  • systems architect

Frage 99

Frage
TQM and Six Sigma are good examples of ____________ programs
Antworten
  • participative
  • exclusive
  • frequency
  • inclusive

Frage 100

Frage
If both functional and projectized divisions coexist in a firm, this would result in the __________ organizational structure.
Antworten
  • composite
  • objective
  • encompassing
  • free-form

Frage 101

Frage
The _________ is a specialized view of the action plan that focuses on who has what responsibility for each project task.
Antworten
  • resource histogram
  • linear responsibility chart
  • project team directory
  • scope management plan

Frage 102

Frage
The success of the project launch meeting is dependent on the existence of
Antworten
  • a project charter
  • the project's scope statement
  • a well-defined set of objectives for the project
  • project planning templates

Frage 103

Frage
This project plan element describes both the managerial and the technical approaches to the work. The technical discussion describes the relationship of the project to available technologies.
Antworten
  • overview
  • objectives
  • general approach
  • contractual aspects

Frage 104

Frage
This project plan element should include profit and competitive goals as well as technical goals.
Antworten
  • overview
  • objectives
  • general approach
  • contractual aspects

Frage 105

Frage
The _______ of a project includes the objectives of the project as well as the time and cost required to complete the project to the customer's satisfaction.
Antworten
  • scope
  • change order
  • outcome
  • purpose

Frage 106

Frage
RACI stands for
Antworten
  • responsive, accountable, consult, inform
  • responsible, accountable, consult, inform
  • responsive, accountable, consult, integrate
  • responsible, admissible, consult, integrate

Frage 107

Frage
The set of physical elements required to build a project is called the
Antworten
  • bill of materials
  • deliverable
  • milestone list
  • work statement

Frage 108

Frage
___________ is an approach that breaks the planning task down into the activities that must be done in each managerial level of the organization. Typically, the upper level sets the objectives for the next lower level.
Antworten
  • Strategic planning
  • Organizational planning
  • Hierarchical planning
  • Agile planning

Frage 109

Frage
The major tool that a project manager uses during the planning phase is called the
Antworten
  • WBS
  • change request
  • scope statement
  • project plan

Frage 110

Frage
___________is the tendency for the project objectives to be changed with little or no discussion with other parties actively engaged in the project
Antworten
  • Scope reference
  • Scope creep
  • Effectiveness
  • Hierarchical planning

Frage 111

Frage
_______________ is a visual approach that closely mirrors how the human brain records and stores information that can help tap the creative potential of the entire project team
Antworten
  • WBS generation
  • Project planning
  • Risk response planning
  • Mind mapping

Frage 112

Frage
When using a WBS, all of the work should roll up to the next level such that no extra work is required. This is referred to as the
Antworten
  • Development rule
  • All-inclusive rule
  • 100% rule
  • WBS rule

Frage 113

Frage
For projects that are constantly changing, the __________ methodology is recommended
Antworten
  • waterfall
  • agile
  • adaptable
  • organic

Frage 114

Frage
Having key stakeholders involved early in the project tends to
Antworten
  • increase communication errors
  • increase project risk
  • create buy-in
  • create more problems than it is worth

Frage 115

Frage
When using the mind mapping process, you should designate one team member as the ___________ to ensure that all team members are involved and contributing, and to ensure that team members are focusing on the work that must be done.
Antworten
  • planner
  • facilitator
  • contractor
  • manager

Frage 116

Frage
A useful tool for facilitating the management of changes to a project's scope is the
Antworten
  • requirements traceability matrix
  • WBS
  • project charter
  • mind map

Frage 117

Frage
A project manager must ___________ as a type of risk response planning in order to soften the danger of a threat by reducing the likelihood that it will occur or by reducing its impact if it does occur.
Antworten
  • avoid
  • transfer
  • accept
  • mitigate

Frage 118

Frage
The ____________ is a list of the project activities with major activities broken down into subactivities.
Antworten
  • linear responsibility chart
  • PCMCIA
  • activity prioritization
  • WBS

Frage 119

Frage
The process of coordinating the work and timing of the different groups working on multidisciplinary teams is called
Antworten
  • procurement management
  • integration management
  • vertical management
  • matrix management

Frage 120

Frage
This element of the project plan contains a brief description of the procedure to be followed in monitoring, collecting, storing, and evaluating the history of the project
Antworten
  • schedule
  • resources
  • personnel
  • evaluation methods

Frage 121

Frage
If a project budget is under funded, it will often
Antworten
  • stimulate increased performance
  • improve utilization of resources
  • frustrate committed stakeholders
  • reduce costs

Frage 122

Frage
The project's budget should
Antworten
  • associate resource use with the achievement of organizational goals
  • allow funds to be spent without linkage to achievement
  • not reflect the timing of expenses associated with the use of resources
  • never be changed during project execution

Frage 123

Frage
In order to develop a budget, the PM must forecast
Antworten
  • the resources required
  • when resources will be needed
  • the cost of resources
  • All of the above

Frage 124

Frage
A work element whose cost is fully developed would
Antworten
  • exclude the cost of labor and resources
  • include only the profit and direct costs
  • exclude the cost of special machinery and overheads
  • include direct costs plus overhead and G&A charges

Frage 125

Frage
The traditional organizational budget is
Antworten
  • category-oriented
  • project-oriented
  • program-oriented
  • project-oriented or program-oriented

Frage 126

Frage
__________ budgeting allows income and expenditures to be aggregated across projects.
Antworten
  • Category-oriented
  • Activity-oriented
  • Project-oriented
  • Expense-oriented

Frage 127

Frage
The authors identify ____________ estimation errors as the two types of generic estimation errors.
Antworten
  • small and large
  • random and planned
  • certain and uncertain
  • random and biased

Frage 128

Frage
The pattern of deviations in cost and usage used for exception reporting to management is called
Antworten
  • simulations
  • assumptions
  • variances
  • summaries

Frage 129

Frage
___________ costs vary with output.
Antworten
  • general and administrative
  • overhead
  • direct
  • indirect

Frage 130

Frage
Unless the project manager is familiar with the firm's ______________ it will be very difficult to exercise budget control.
Antworten
  • accounting system
  • budget plans
  • marketing procedure
  • cost accounting

Frage 131

Frage
The __________ form of budgeting has the advantage of using individuals closer to the work to provide estimates of resource requirements.
Antworten
  • top-down budgeting
  • work element costing
  • bottom-up budgeting
  • iterative budgeting

Frage 132

Frage
The ___________ charge is composed of the costs of senior management, the various data functions, and any other expenses not included in overhead. Often, these charges are a fixed percentage of either the direct costs or the total of all direct and indirect costs.
Antworten
  • salary
  • project management
  • ethical
  • G&A

Frage 133

Frage
Each time the output doubles, the worker hours per unit decrease to a fixed percentage of their previous value. That percentage is called the ___________ rate.
Antworten
  • inflation
  • hurdle
  • interest
  • learning

Frage 134

Frage
Suppose that a person requires 60 minutes to complete a work element on the first attempt. On the second attempt, the work element is completed in 48 minutes. The learning rate for this person is _________% for this work element
Antworten
  • 80
  • 60
  • 70
  • 120

Frage 135

Frage
_____________ relies on well-known statistical correlations between various factors such as the total cost of a house relative to the square feet of living area.
Antworten
  • Parametric estimating
  • Statistical equivalence
  • Bottom-up estimating
  • Top-down estimating

Frage 136

Frage
A budget strategy that is based on collecting the judgments and experiences of top and middle managers is referred to as the ___________ approach or method.
Antworten
  • parametric estimating
  • statistical equivalence
  • bottom-up estimating
  • top-down estimating

Frage 137

Frage
________________ are where the defined responses to the risks are detailed, but their amounts are not yet precisely known.
Antworten
  • Known-unknowns
  • Unknown-knowns
  • Known-knowns
  • Unknown-unknowns

Frage 138

Frage
Unknown-unknowns are not part of the baseline budget and are referred to as
Antworten
  • management reserves
  • contingency reserves
  • PMBOK reserves
  • Buffered reserves

Frage 139

Frage
The advantage of the ____________ process is that it is generally associated with participative management
Antworten
  • bottom-up
  • top-down
  • Murphy's
  • Efficient

Frage 140

Frage
______________ issues are present when bidders "low-ball" a bid or when some bidders get a "last look."
Antworten
  • Ethical
  • Strategic
  • Efficient
  • Effective

Frage 141

Frage
The authors recommend preparing a schedule for each
Antworten
  • work package in the WBS
  • task in the WBS
  • major task level in the WBS
  • project that has a WBS

Frage 142

Frage
In the AOA network, circles depict
Antworten
  • networks
  • events
  • logical dependencies
  • dummy activities

Frage 143

Frage
The shortest time in which the entire network can be completed is referred to as the
Antworten
  • critical time of the network
  • real duration of the network
  • elapsed time of the network
  • slack time of the network

Frage 144

Frage
A precedence relationship where the completion of a successor activity depends on the completion of a predecessor activity is called a
Antworten
  • start to finish dependency
  • finish to start dependency
  • finish to finish dependency
  • start to start dependency

Frage 145

Frage
A precedent relationship where the completion of a predecessor activity depends on the initiation of a successor activity is called a
Antworten
  • start to finish dependency
  • finish to start dependency
  • finish to finish dependency
  • start to start dependency

Frage 146

Frage
The difference between the late start and early start for an activity is called its
Antworten
  • critical path
  • task
  • progress
  • float

Frage 147

Frage
A(n) __________ is the conversion of the project work breakdown structure into an operating timetable.
Antworten
  • chart
  • application
  • crash
  • schedule

Frage 148

Frage
A(n) _________ is a specific task or set of tasks that are required by the project, use up resources, and take time to complete
Antworten
  • milestone
  • activity
  • node
  • path

Frage 149

Frage
The arrangement of all activities (and, in some cases, events) in a project arrayed in their logical sequence and represented by arcs and nodes is called a
Antworten
  • network
  • critical path
  • path
  • crashed path

Frage 150

Frage
In a network, if the delay of an activity will delay completion of the project, the activity is called a(n)
Antworten
  • valuable
  • efficient
  • critical
  • noteworthy

Frage 151

Frage
In AOA networks, an activity of zero duration is called a(n)
Antworten
  • dummy activity
  • critical
  • important
  • critical activity

Frage 152

Frage
The _____________ chart shows planned and actual progress for a number of tasks displayed against a horizontal timescale.
Antworten
  • PERT
  • timeline
  • critical
  • Gantt

Frage 153

Frage
A clearly identifiable point in a project or set of activities that commonly denotes a reporting requirement or completion of a large or important set of activities is called a(n)
Antworten
  • milestone
  • anniversary
  • node
  • dummy activity

Frage 154

Frage
In AON diagrams, a(n) ________________ is a point where one or more lines (arrows) begin or terminate, commonly used for depicting an event or activity.
Antworten
  • activity
  • path
  • node
  • arc

Frage 155

Frage
______________ is the amount of one factor that must be sacrificed in order to achieve more or less of another factor.
Antworten
  • trade-off
  • synergy
  • barter limit
  • limiting quantity

Frage 156

Frage
A _____________ is a combination of interrelated activities and events depicted with arcs and nodes.
Antworten
  • linked plan
  • chain of events
  • critical chain
  • network

Frage 157

Frage
____________ law suggests that work expands to fill the allotted time.
Antworten
  • Parkinson's
  • Murphy's
  • Brooks'
  • Federal

Frage 158

Frage
In application, PERT has primarily been used for
Antworten
  • construction projects
  • manufacturing projects
  • industrial projects
  • research and development projects

Frage 159

Frage
The authors define _________ as the time an activity can be delayed without affecting the start time of any successor activity
Antworten
  • free slack
  • total slack
  • project slack
  • overhead slack

Frage 160

Frage
__________ is one possible way to check the nature and impacts of interactions between probabilistic paths in a network.
Antworten
  • simulation
  • extrapolation
  • guessing
  • probabilistic time estimates

Frage 161

Frage
If deterministic time estimates are used, and if project deadlines are firm, there is a high likelihood that it will
Antworten
  • not be necessary to crash any activities in projects
  • be necessary to crash the last few activities of most projects
  • be completed on time and within budget
  • be completed as per schedule

Frage 162

Frage
Assume two activities, printing and binding. Printing is a predecessor of binding. If printing is _______, then binding will start late by whatever amount of lateness is bequeathed to it by printing.
Antworten
  • necessary
  • early
  • late
  • time-neutral

Frage 163

Frage
________ aims to minimize the period-by-period variations in resource loading by shifting tasks within their slack allowances. The purpose is to create a smoother distribution of resource usage.
Antworten
  • Resource loading
  • Resource leveling
  • Scope loading
  • Resource succeeding

Frage 164

Frage
A project task is said to be __________ if it requires a fixed amount of time and known quantities of resources
Antworten
  • scope constrained
  • time constrained
  • resource constrained
  • system constrained

Frage 165

Frage
One of the problems that Goldratt observed was that if an activity has slack time, the task might become delayed until the slack is removed. This is referred to as
Antworten
  • Goldratt's Law
  • Murphy's Law
  • the delay game
  • the student syndrome

Frage 166

Frage
The points between the extreme points of the relationship between time use and resource use represent
Antworten
  • time constrained projects
  • resource constrained projects
  • alternative trade-offs between time and resources
  • a non-feasible solution space of trade-off alternatives related to time and resource use

Frage 167

Frage
The _________ technique overlaps the design and build phases of a project to expedite its completion.
Antworten
  • crashing
  • fast-tracking
  • leading
  • blitzing

Frage 168

Frage
Most heuristic solution methods start with the _____________ and analyze resource usage period by period, resource by resource.
Antworten
  • GERT schedule
  • Gantt chart
  • PERT/CPM schedule
  • Master schedule

Frage 169

Frage
The use of ______________ activity time estimates may reduce the chance that crashing the project will be needed.
Antworten
  • one probabilistic
  • two probabilistic
  • three probabilistic
  • four probabilistic

Frage 170

Frage
The standard practice with AOA and AON is to estimate activity times under the assumption of resource loadings that are
Antworten
  • probabillistic
  • crashed
  • normal
  • dynamic

Frage 171

Frage
With respect to project scheduling, __________ is the amount of work waiting to be processed because there is a shortage of some resource.
Antworten
  • in-process inventory
  • schedule slippage
  • resource utilization
  • management delay

Frage 172

Frage
If the appropriate scheduling equation for task A of a project were W = D * U, and it was initialized so that W = 40d, D = 10d, and U = 4 resources, and task A is an effort-driven activity, correctly balance this equation if the value for U is changed from 4 to 5. To balance the equation, the altered variable and its new value are
Antworten
  • D = 6w
  • W = 6d
  • D = 8d
  • W = 8d

Frage 173

Frage
The principal reason why a project manager is surprised by resource constraints on a project is the failure to include _________ in risk identification activities.
Antworten
  • resource availability
  • resource cost
  • resource mobility
  • resource skill

Frage 174

Frage
Which of the following describes a situation where priorities are assigned to activities according to some rule not associated with task length, slack, or resource requirements?
Antworten
  • student's syndrome
  • arbitrary
  • most successors
  • most resources

Frage 175

Frage
The two fundamental approaches to constrained allocation problems are
Antworten
  • heuristic approaches and rules of thumb
  • linear programming approaches and optimization models
  • heuristic approaches and optimization models
  • goal programming and trial and error

Frage 176

Frage
When crashing a project, our first task is to develop
Antworten
  • a table or graph of the cost of a project as a function of the project's possible completion dates
  • a schedule that shows the risks associated with each activity in the project
  • a list that shows the activities and the events of a project without referring to the costs
  • a table showing the noncritical activities and the cost associated with each of those activities

Frage 177

Frage
In some situations, two activities are scheduled to be carried out in parallel and using the same scarce resource. If the supply of the scarce resource is not sufficient to allow both activities to be carried out simultaneously, then whichever of the two is given priority immediately lengthens the other activity's path but not its actual
Antworten
  • duration
  • slack
  • float
  • buffer

Frage 178

Frage
The two principles to follow when crashing a project focuses on the
Antworten
  • critical path and selects the least expensive alternative
  • critical path and selects the most expensive alternative
  • shortest path and selects the least expensive alternative
  • shortest path and selects the most expensive alternative

Frage 179

Frage
Using Goldratt's meaning of the word "dependent," the activities of a project can be ordered into paths based on their resource dependencies as well as on their technological precedence requirements. The longest of these paths of sequentially time-dependent activities is known as the
Antworten
  • priority chain
  • critical chain
  • dependency path
  • heuristic path

Frage 180

Frage
The ___________ heuristic provides a general solution for critical path and time and is usually the default rule for a schedule.
Antworten
  • as soon as possible
  • as late as possible
  • minimum slack first
  • shortest task first

Frage 181

Frage
Monitoring, as an activity, should be kept distinct from __________, which uses data supplied by monitoring to bring actual performance into approximate congruence with planned performance.
Antworten
  • recording
  • controlling
  • collecting
  • reporting

Frage 182

Frage
An appropriate and common secondary user for monitoring includes
Antworten
  • auditing, learning from mistakes, and reporting progress and status
  • exercising effective control over the project
  • evaluating current status of the project
  • fixing the blame when things go wrong

Frage 183

Frage
According to the authors, the key items to be planned, monitored, and controlled are
Antworten
  • schedule, budget, and financial stability
  • schedule, quality, performance, and customer satisfaction
  • schedule, budget, and feasibility
  • schedule, budget, and performance

Frage 184

Frage
According to the authors, in the planning - monitoring - controlling cycle, the directions of the flows indicate that
Antworten
  • information flows from the top to bottom and authority flows from the bottom to the top
  • information flows from the bottom to the top and authority flows from the top to the bottom
  • authority flows from the bottom to the top
  • information flows from the top to the bottom

Frage 185

Frage
The first step in setting up a monitoring system is to
Antworten
  • collect existing data to see what data is relevant and available
  • collect every available piece of information so it can be analyzed
  • use whatever information is available
  • identify the key factors to be controlled

Frage 186

Frage
In earned value analysis, the 50-50 rule assumes that
Antworten
  • 50 percent is earned when the task is half done and 50 percent is earned at completion
  • 50 percent is earned when the task begins and 50 percent is earned at completion
  • 50 percent is earned when the task begins and 50 percent is earned at the halfway stage
  • 50 percent is earned when the project is planned and 50 percent is earned when the project is over

Frage 187

Frage
In earned value analysis, if the cost variance is (-$10,000),
Antworten
  • the cost variance is favorable
  • the cost variance is unfavorable
  • the scheduled variance is favorable
  • the scheduled cost avoidance is unfavorable

Frage 188

Frage
One of the most common errors when collecting data is
Antworten
  • collecting rapidly changing data frequently
  • collecting data infrequently because data collection is so time consuming
  • collecting data that rarely changes
  • reporting to management after collecting data

Frage 189

Frage
Reports for ______________ have a need for detailed information about individual tasks and the factors affecting such tasks.
Antworten
  • top executives
  • lower-level personnel
  • all the stakeholders
  • project managers

Frage 190

Frage
The project control process should be viewed as a(n) ________________, with revised plans and schedules (if warranted) following corrective actions. The project control process should run continuously until the project is completed.
Antworten
  • closed loop system
  • open loop system
  • open environment
  • earned value plan

Frage 191

Frage
Ordinal rankings of performance are examples of a _________ type of measure.
Antworten
  • frequency count
  • raw number
  • verbal measure
  • subjective numeric rating

Frage 192

Frage
____________ are used when some aspect of system performance cannot be measured directly
Antworten
  • Indicators
  • Frequency counts
  • Raw numbers
  • Verbal measures

Frage 193

Frage
____________ can often give the project manager early warning signals of potential problems in a project and help understand the relationships of individual tasks to one another and to the overall project.
Antworten
  • Detailed and timely reports
  • Executive summaries
  • Scope change reports
  • The WBS

Frage 194

Frage
The earned value rule that divides the actual task time-to-date by the scheduled time for the task to calculate percent complete is called the _________ rule.
Antworten
  • 50-50
  • 0-100 percent
  • critical input use
  • proportionality

Frage 195

Frage
In earned value analysis, EAC refers to the
Antworten
  • estimated cost at completion
  • estimated actual cost
  • eliminated annual cost
  • estimated annual cost

Frage 196

Frage
In earned value analysis, BAC refers to the
Antworten
  • budgeted annual cost
  • budget at completion
  • budget at close-out
  • big annual cost

Frage 197

Frage
If EV= $500, AC = $475, PV = $450; SV =
Antworten
  • $50
  • $25
  • 90%
  • 95%

Frage 198

Frage
If CSI is less than 1, it is indicative of a(n)
Antworten
  • problem
  • good project
  • efficient project
  • budget error

Frage 199

Frage
Conceptually, EAC represents the amount spent to date
Antworten
  • plus the delay costs
  • BAC
  • CV
  • ETC

Frage 200

Frage
In earned value analysis, the 0 - 100 percent rule allows
Antworten
  • 100 percent credit before starting work and 0 percent credit after the completion
  • 0 percent credit when work begins and 100 percent credit when the project is complete
  • 0 percent credit when work begins and 100 percent credit at completion of the activity
  • 0 percent credit at completion of the activity and 100 percent credit at formal acceptance during scope verification
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