chapter 20

This portion protects and anchors the hearts, preventing overstretching. It is made from dense irregular connective tissue.

The [blank_start]serous[blank_end] pericardium consists of the parietal layer which is fused with fibrous [blank_start]pericardium[blank_end] and a [blank_start]visceral[blank_end] layer which is the epicardium that holds direct contact with the heart.

Serous fluid is found outside of the parietal and visceral pericardia in the pericardial cavity.

Grooves on the outside of the heart that separate the chambers called [blank_start]sulci[blank_end]. They contain blood vessels and [blank_start]fat[blank_end].

What are all the correct characteristics about the auricle?

Which chambers are the receiving chambers of the heart?

What right atrium receives blood from what 3 sources?

What is another name for the aortic valve?

These valves prevent backflow from the ventricles to the atria.

These valves prevent backflow from the arteries into the ventricles.

The right AV valve is also known as the:

What portion of the heart supplies heart cells with fresh oxygen and nutrients?

These structures collect waste from cardiac muscle and drain into a large vein (coronary sinus) which then empties into the right atrium.

What are some characteristics of cardiac muscle?

The presence of [blank_start]creatine[blank_end] kinase in the blood indicates injury of skeletal or cardiac muscle cells. This is often an indicator of a myocardial [blank_start]infarction[blank_end].

Name the correct structures. (singular)

What are these structures? Give the actual names, not the kind of filament.

What type of contraction does each colour indicate?

Auto-rhythmic fibers repeatedly generate spontaneous action potentials that then trigger heart [blank_start]contractions[blank_end]. First, they act as [blank_start]pacemakers[blank_end], and second they form the conduction system which [blank_start]propagates[blank_end] actions potentials through the heart muscle.

What channels open for depolarization?

During the plateau phase, _______ channels opens and let ______ions enter from outside cell and from storage in SR.

After Ca2+ ions are open to enter the outside cells, Ca2+ binds to ________ to allow for actin-myosin cross-bridge formation and tension development. This is the beginning of muscle contraction.

The refractory period is a period of time that a cell cannot be stimulated by another action potential.

Cardiac muscles rely on [blank_start]aerobic[blank_end] cellular respiration for [blank_start]ATP[blank_end] production. They have many [blank_start]mitochondria[blank_end] and use lactic acid produced by [blank_start]skeletal[blank_end] muscles.

One cardiac cycle consists of a systole and diastole of both atria, rapidly followed by the systole and diastole of both ventricles.

What is the sound of the first "lubb" in a heartbeat?

Blood turbulence associated with closing of the semilunar valves near the beginning of the ventricular diastole makes the second heart sound. ("dupp" of the lupp-dupp)

Blood turbulence during rapid ventricular filling makes the third heart sound during a cardiac cycle.

Blood turbulence during atrial systole is the fourth sound and is loud enough to hear after the first 2 closures of the heart.

Atrial systole is when blood is ejected and completely fills the ventricles.

What is the correct relationship between cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate?

[blank_start]Stroke[blank_end] volume is the volume of blood ejected by the [blank_start]ventricle[blank_end] with EACH contraction.

Increased [blank_start]K+[blank_end] blocks generation of action potentials. Increased [blank_start]Na+[blank_end] blocks Ca2+ inflow. Increased [blank_start]Ca2+[blank_end] speeds heart rate and force of contraction.

Elastic arteries include:

What is an anatomses?

Capillaries only consist of what two structures?

Capillaries function of exchange of nutrients an wastes between blood and tissue fluid.

What two structures create a bloodflow called the microcirculation?

The myocardium consists of mostly [blank_start]cardiac[blank_end] muscle.