18604961
Frage 1
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The known inter-cellular information systems are:
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a) chemical and electrical;
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b) mechanical, chemical, and electrical;
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c) biochemical.
Frage 2
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Of the following inter-cellular communication systems, which one is distributed throughout the entire organism?
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a) the chemical;
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b) the mechanical;
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c) the electrical.
Frage 3
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. The information carriers of the chemical inter-cellular communication are:
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a) receptors;
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b) signaling molecules;
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c) synaptic cleft.
Frage 4
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Endocrine system communication belongs to the class of:
;
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a) mechanical inter-cellular communication;
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b) chemical inter-cellular communication
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c) electrical inter-cellular communication.
Frage 5
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Which of the following functions is not characteristic for receptors?
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a) secretion of signaling molecules;
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b) activation of second messenger systems;
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c) transmembrane signal transduction.
Frage 6
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Membrane receptors are:
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a) information signaling molecules;
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b) vesicles filled with neurotransmitters;
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c) element of the chemical information system of the body.
Frage 7
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Are signaling molecules specific to given receptors?
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a) not specific;
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b) specific, but not uniquely specific;
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c) they are uniquely specific.
Frage 8
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Is it possible for a given receptor to interact with multiple different signaling molecules?
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a) no, because a given receptor interacts only with one type of ligand;
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b) yes, because any given receptor can interact with all ligands;
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c) yes, a given receptor can interact with several signaling molecules, with similar structure.
Frage 9
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Is it possible for a given type of signaling molecule to interact with multiple types of receptors?
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a) not possible;
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b) a given signaling molecule can activate all membrane receptors;
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c) its common for a ligand to interact with several types of receptors.
Frage 10
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What are the functions of second messengers?
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a) they carry the information from receptors to cellular effectors or to cyclic cascades that amplify the signal;
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b) they interact with first messengers (signaling molecules) in the extracellular fluid, and carry the information to receptors;
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c) they interact with membrane receptors from the intracellular side and cause secondary activation of receptor proteins.
Frage 11
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To decrease the inflow of extracellular information, cells use the following mechanism:
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a) migration toward locations with smaller information inflow;
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b) passing the information overflow to neighbouring cells;
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c) decreasing the number of membrane receptors, responsible for the specific information.
Frage 12
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Which of the following structures is an integral part of the chemical information system?
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a) membrane receptors;
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b) DNA molecules;
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c) actin molecules.
Frage 13
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Desensitisation of a receptor is the condition where:
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a) the cell does not synthesise a sufficient number of given type of receptors;
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b) activated receptors generate less than the usual number of second messengers;
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c) there is a structural degradation of membrane receptors.
Frage 14
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The principle of recognition between ligands and receptors is called:
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a) complementarity;
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b) bifocal;
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c) positive-negative match;
Frage 15
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The neurotransmitter acetylcholine activates:
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a) nicotinic and muscarinic receptors;
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b) nicotinic receptors;
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c) muscarinic receptors.
Frage 16
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Atropin is:
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a) muscarinic agonist;
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b) muscarinic antagonist;
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c) nicotinic agonist.
Frage 17
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Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) function as:
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a) ligand-gated Ca2+ ion pumps;
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b) voltage-gated Na+ channels;
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c) ligand-gated Na+ channels.
Frage 18
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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) function as:
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a) G-protein;
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b) second messenger (intracellular);
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c) first messenger (inter-cellular).
Frage 19
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The second messenger molecule that opens calcium channels on the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum is:
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a) inositol triphosphate (IP3);
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b) diacylglycerol (DAG);
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c) cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
Frage 20
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What is the function of the membrane receptors?
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a) transduce information from extra- into intra-cellular space;
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b) transfer protein molecules from extra- into intra-cellular space;
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c) induce phase transitions in membrane lipid molecules.
Frage 21
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Receptors are characterised with:
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a) high-affinity, high-specificity, and reversible bonding to signaling molecules;
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b) high-affinity, low-specificity, and reversible bonding to signaling molecules;
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c) high-affinity, high-specificity, and irreversible bonding to signaling molecules.
Frage 22
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Which of the following is a necessary condition for direct electrical communication between cells?
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a) cells must be of the same type;
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b) cells must be submerged in electrolyte solution;
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c) cellular membranes must be connected.
Frage 23
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Connexons (gap junctions) allow for:
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a) electrical communication between cells;
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b) chemical and electrical communication between cells;
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c) chemical communications between cells.
Frage 24
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Which of the following terms dos not refer to a type of inter-cellular communication?
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a) paracrine;
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b) autocrine;
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c) endogenic.
Frage 25
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Receptors are not:
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a) membrane structures;
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b) cytosol proteins;
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c) extracellular structures.
Frage 26
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Membrane receptors connected to G – proteins, are large proteins that cross the membrane lipid bilayer:
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a) 7 times;
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b) once;
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c) different number times, depending on the receptor.
Frage 27
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Upon activation by a ligand, receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) will:
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a) activate Ca2+ ion channels;
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b) auto-phosphorylate and trigger cytosolic signaling cascade;
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c) depolarise the membrane and cause action potential.
Frage 28
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. Receptors of the cellular membrane are:
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a) lipids or glycolipids;
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b) proteins or glycoproteins;
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c) polymeric carbohydrate.
Frage 29
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Which of the following receptors do not get activated by acetylcholine?
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a) muscarinic receptors;
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b) nicotinic receptors;
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c) tyrosine receptors.
Frage 30
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Which of the following types of complementarity is not present between membrane receptors and ligand molecules?
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a) spatial;
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b) magnetic;
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c) electric.
Frage 31
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Can action potentials be used for inter-cellular signaling?
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a) no, action potentials do not travel through the extracellular medium;
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b) yes, all cells use action potentials for communications;
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c) yes, some cell types use it (neurons, visceral smooth muscles, cardiac muscles).
Frage 32
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When acetylcholine bonds to a muscarinic cholinergic receptor of the membrane of smooth muscles, the following ions are released into the cells:
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a) sodium ions;
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b) calcium ions;
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c) potassium ions.
Frage 33
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According to their interaction with the membrane, receptors are:
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a) transmembrane (integral) proteins;
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b) surface membrane (integral) proteins;
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c) proteins diffusing through the membrane.
Frage 34
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When acetylcholine bonds to a nicotinic cholinergic receptor, the following membrane channel is opened:
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a) Na+ ion channel;
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b) G-protein coupled channel;
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c) Ca2+ ion channel.
Frage 35
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Signaling molecules that bond to receptors are called:
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a) first messenger or ligand;
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b) second messenger;
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c) cellular effector.
Frage 36
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Which of the following functions is characteristic for the receptors:
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a) they recognise the complimentary ligands but allow docking only when the cell needs the carried information;
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b) upon recognition, they allow docking of the type of signaling molecules that are required by the current needs of the cell;
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c) they interact with complimentary ligands on probabilistic principles (the higher the concentration the higher the chance of interaction).
Frage 37
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What is the first process that follows the docking of a ligand to a receptor?
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a) change of the conformation state of the ligand;
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b) change of the conformational state of the receptor;
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c) the receptor updating its status on facebook.
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