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IBS Set 2 Quiz - Cell proliferation and Fluid compartments

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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage 1

Frage
G1 describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Antworten
  • Preparation for DNA synthesis
  • DNA synthesis
  • Proofreading of DNA synthesis
  • Mitosis

Frage 2

Frage
S phase describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Antworten
  • Preparation for DNA synthesis
  • DNA synthesis
  • Proofreading of DNA synthesis
  • Mitosis

Frage 3

Frage
G2 describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Antworten
  • Preparation for DNA synthesis
  • DNA synthesis
  • Proofreading of DNA synthesis
  • Mitosis

Frage 4

Frage
M phase describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Antworten
  • Preparation for DNA synthesis
  • DNA synthesis
  • Proofreading of DNA synthesis
  • Mitosis

Frage 5

Frage
What is mitotic spindle composed of?
Antworten
  • Microtubules
  • MTAP's
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Actin filaments
  • Centrioles

Frage 6

Frage
When does chromosome packaging occur?
Antworten
  • In S phase after DNA replication
  • After S phase
  • In M phase
  • In G1

Frage 7

Frage
There are many histone genes that can make lots of histones to match the production of DNA during S phase.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 8

Frage
What is the process of mitosis?
Antworten
  • Prophase (microtubules disassemble and reassociate at centrioles) -> Metaphase (nuclear envelope breaks down and kinetochores develop and spindle fibres attach to them) -> Anaphase (chromosomes seperate and chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell) -> Telophase (new nuclear envelope forms, condensed chromatin expands and nucleoli reappear).
  • Metaphase (nuclear envelope breaks down and kinetochores develop and spindle fibres attach to them) -> Prophase (microtubules disassemble and reassociate at centrioles) -> Anaphase (chromosomes seperate and chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell) -> Telophase (new nuclear envelope forms, condensed chromatin expands and nucleoli reappear).

Frage 9

Frage
SPACER - CELL PROLIF 1,2,3 CONTINUE AFTER FLUID COMPARTMENTS
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 10

Frage
What are the three main fluid compartments in the body?
Antworten
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Blood plasma
  • Intracellular fluid
  • Intercellular fluid
  • Red blood cells

Frage 11

Frage
[K+] in interstitial fluid > [K+] in the intracellular fluid
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 12

Frage
Osmolarity takes into the concentration of what two types of solutes?
Antworten
  • Non-permeable
  • Permeable
  • Ionising
  • Suspending

Frage 13

Frage
In normal conditions the ICF and ECF tend to be in equilibrium at an osmolarity of around ~289mOsmol/L
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 14

Frage
A 300Mm solution of glucose = A 300Mm solution of NaCl
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 15

Frage
If there is not osmotic balance, how can the cell try to bring back balance?
Antworten
  • Selective opening and closing of ion channels
  • Opening all the ion channels
  • Pumping water out via active transport pumps

Frage 16

Frage
Tonicity only considers which type of solute?
Antworten
  • Non-permeable
  • Permeable
  • Ionising
  • Suspending

Frage 17

Frage
The osmotic pressure is dependent on the total concentration of all solutes.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 18

Frage
The osmotic pressure is the pressure applied to prevent inward flow of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 19

Frage
With osmolarity problems, the permeable solute will move to concentrations of lower permeable solute. With tonicity problems, water will move to the area with the highest concentration of non-permeable solute.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 20

Frage
A small change in the concentration of organic ions creates a small potential difference across the membrane.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 21

Frage
If K+ leaves the cell, the negative charge created in the cell will attract the positive K+ back into the cell and therefore there is typically no net movement of ions.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 22

Frage
Why is Goldmann's equation more useful than Nernst's?
Antworten
  • Goldmann's equation takes into account all of the organic ions that are involved in the resting membrane potential and also their permeabilities whereas Nernst's only takes into account one type of ion and not the permeability.
  • Nernst's equation takes into account all of the organic ions that are involved in the resting membrane potential and also their permeabilities whereas Goldmann's only takes into account one type of ion and not the permeability.

Frage 23

Frage
Ions with a greater concentration outside of the cell always have a negative equilibrium potential.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 24

Frage
Ions with a greater concentration inside the cell always have a negative equilibrium potential.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 25

Frage
The RMP of a cell is closest to potassium because potassium is the most permeable ion. RMP is determined by the membranes high permeability to potassium.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 26

Frage
Necrosis damages surrounding cells because of hydrolytic enzyme release from what organelle?
Antworten
  • Lysosomes
  • Peroxisomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Golgi apparatus

Frage 27

Frage
Apoptosis is...?
Antworten
  • Controlled cell death
  • Uncontrolled cell death

Frage 28

Frage
What is happening in the first stage of apoptosis?
Image:
5f9e20a1-9bce-4abd-95a5-4858011a4f86 (image/png)
Antworten
  • The cell shrivels
  • The nucleus fragments
  • The plasma membrane breaks down
  • Cytochrome C is released from the mitochondria
  • Apoptotic bodies are produced and macrophages engulf them via phagocytosis

Frage 29

Frage
What is happening in the second stage of apoptosis?
Image:
6da466d8-7ae8-4859-873c-c32b1c42e9f9 (image/png)
Antworten
  • The cell shrivels
  • The nucleus fragments
  • The plasma membrane breaks down
  • Cytochrome C is released from the mitochondria
  • Apoptotic bodies are produced and macrophages engulf them via phagocytosis

Frage 30

Frage
What is happening in the third stage of apoptosis?
Image:
d9438eb4-46b4-450a-bc88-fb76100580a7 (image/png)
Antworten
  • The cell shrivels
  • The nucleus fragments
  • The plasma membrane breaks down
  • Cytochrome C is released from the mitochondria
  • Apoptotic bodies are produced and macrophages engulf them via phagocytosis

Frage 31

Frage
The ECM are basement membrane are needed for development of cells. Without these factors, the cell has a disorganised structure.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 32

Frage
Why do burns victims not have a good prognosis?
Antworten
  • The basement membrane is sometimes destroyed which contains stem cells. Absence of these stem cells means that cell proliferation cannot take place and thus skin doesn't regrow.
  • The cytoskeleton is sometimes destroyed which contains stem cells. Absence of these stem cells means that cell proliferation cannot take place and thus skin doesn't regrow.
  • The granular layer of epidermis is sometimes destroyed which contains stem cells. Absence of these stem cells means that cell proliferation cannot take place and thus skin doesn't regrow.

Frage 33

Frage
Integrins are heterodimeric receptors that are bound to ECM trigger active intracellular responses that impact on cell proliferation / attachments.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 34

Frage
Various cell factors may tell the cell to do which of the following things?
Antworten
  • Proliferate (Growth factors)
  • Become dormant (Survival factors)
  • Differentiate (Differentiation factors)
  • Undergo apoptosis (Death signal)
  • Necrotise (Necrotic factors)
  • Expand (Expansive factor)

Frage 35

Frage
Mitogenic growth factors have effect from the start of G1 until which stage of the cell cycle?
Antworten
  • S phase
  • G1
  • G2
  • M
  • R point - 3/4 through G1

Frage 36

Frage
When growth factors bind to tyrosine kinase receptors, what happens intracellularly?
Antworten
  • Tyr residues are phosphorylated which generates internal effects
  • Tyr residues are dephosphorylated which generates internal effects

Frage 37

Frage
Phosphorylation of Tyr residues produces intracellular effects
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 38

Frage
Tyrosine phosphorylation is associated with cancer cell death.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 39

Frage
Proteins recognise phosphorylated tyrosine domains. GDP is then substituted for GTP in RAS. Why is the hydrolysis of GTP important?
Antworten
  • It terminates cell proliferation signals which prevents excessive cell proliferation.
  • GTP hydrolysis occurs in cancer and leads to excessive cell proliferation.

Frage 40

Frage
Without checkpoints that regulate the cell cycle, such as the role of TGF-b, loss of checkpoints occur and genomic instability and thus cell proliferation occurs.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 41

Frage
Cyclin proteins increase the quantity of Cyclin dependent kinases.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 42

Frage
Growth factors and Integrins result in Cyclin D production which helps to progress the cell through the cell cycle
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 43

Frage
pRb is the guardian of S phase.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 44

Frage
The function of CDK inhibitors such as p21 is to inhibit the cell cycle and prevent excessive cell proliferation (e.g. if damaged DNA is detected).
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 45

Frage
If a CDK inhibitor is translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, its inhibitory effect is stopped.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 46

Frage
What are triggers for apoptosis to occur?
Antworten
  • Breakages in DNA strands
  • Hypoxia
  • Unregulated growth factor signals
  • Hypercapnia
  • Hyperkalaemia

Frage 47

Frage
Which protein receives information about metabolic disorders and genetic damage within the cell and initiates repair (minor) or apoptosis (major)?
Antworten
  • P53
  • pRb
  • P21

Frage 48

Frage
The intrinsic pathway that initiates apoptosis involves what signal that causes release of cytochrome c?
Antworten
  • MOMP
  • MTAP
  • HAMP
  • IBAT

Frage 49

Frage
BCL-2 can keep Cytochrome C trapped in the mitochondria; prevent apoptosis.
Antworten
  • True
  • False
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