Quiz 13

1. 1A company that owned several hospitals in rural areas of the south went bankrupt and, over a couple of months, closed the hospitals it operated. Researchers became aware of this situation and used public health records to document average age at death of residents in those communities where the hospitals closed and in communities that were matched on several variables but did not lose their hospitals. The researchers collected death records for several years before and after the closure of these hospitals to look at the effect the closure had on life expectancy. Which type of research design are the researchers using?

   1. Ainterrupted time-series design
   2. Bnonequivalent control group pretest/posttest design
   3. Cnonequivalent control group design
   4. Dnonequivalent control group interrupted time-series design
2. 2A drought in California created the opportunity for a quasi-experiment on the effectiveness of fines on water conservation (Agras et al., 1980). Three comparable cities were considered - two that instituted fines at different times and a third that did not. Water consumption data for the 3 years before the onset of the fines were used as baseline and subsequent consumption data were gathered through the end of the drought. Effectiveness of fines was assessed by examining consumption the following month. In this study, researchers capitalized on real-life opportunities to study phenomena. Therefore, they maximized which type of validity?

   1. Aconstruct
   2. Bstatistical
   3. Cinternal
   4. Dexternal
3. 3A school district is comparing two reading programs for high school students reading below grade level. Two very similar schools are used to test the programs, using a different program at each school. Students participating in the programs are pretested for their reading abilities and the mean scores are similar at both schools. The reading program implemented at high school A is known to be much more rigorous than the program implemented at high school B. The posttest shows more improvement at high school A, but more of the students dropped out of the program. Which threat to internal validity does this pose?

   1. Ahistory
   2. Bselection
   3. Cmaturation
   4. Dattrition
4. 4After implementation of a new city law, a restaurant chain began displaying the nutrition labels for their menu items. The restaurant owner recorded sales of the 15 highest-calorie menu items on three occasions: once the month before the change in menu display, once the week of the change in menu display, and once the month after the change in menu display. The owner observed that the sale of the high-calorie menu items dropped, while overall sales remained steady. Which type of design is this?

   1. Anonequivalent control group design
   2. Binterrupted time-series design
   3. Cnonequivalent groups time-series design
   4. Dreversal design
5. 5After implementation of a new city law, a restaurant chain began displaying the nutrition labels for their menu items. The restaurant owner recorded sales of the 15 highest-calorie menu items on three occasions: once the month before the change in menu display, once the week of the change in menu display, and once the month after the change in menu display. The owner observed that the sale of the high-calorie menu items dropped, while overall sales remained steady. Which is the independent variable in this study?

   1. Asales for the month preceding the menu change
   2. Bsales for the month following the menu change
   3. Cmenu labeling
   4. Denergy content in the menu items
6. 6After implementation of a new city law, a restaurant chain began displaying the nutrition labels for their menu items. The restaurant owner recorded sales of the 15 highest-calorie menu items on three occasions: once the month before the change in menu display, once the week of the change in menu display, and once the month after the change in menu display. The owner observed that the sale of the high-calorie menu items dropped, while overall sales remained steady. Which is the dependent variable in this study?

   1. Athe nutritional value of the menu items
   2. Bmenu labeling
   3. Crestaurant sales overall
   4. Dsales for high-calorie menu items
7. 7Gathercole and Baddeley (1990) examined phonologic memory skills in children with disordered language development, using two control groups, one of which comprised much younger children who were matched on verbal abilities. If they had done a follow-up study a year later, which type of threat to internal validity would this age difference most likely have caused?

   1. Ahistory
   2. Bmaturation
   3. Cregression
   4. Dselection
8. 8In a nonequivalent control group design, participants in the control group may match the treatment group on an important factor. This is an attempt to prevent which threat to internal validity?

   1. Aselection
   2. Bhistory
   3. Cmaturation
   4. Dregression
9. 9In a quasi-experiment by Minke (2011), the effectiveness of Skejby, a Danish half-way house that mixes offenders with nonoffenders, was compared with that of the control condition of half-way houses housing only offenders. Measurement of effectiveness was based on rate of recidivism of former inmates. If inmates are allowed to choose their own half-way house, which threat to internal validity would this potentially pose?

   1. Aselection
   2. Btesting
   3. Chistory
   4. Dregression
10. 10In a quasi-experiment by Minke (2011), the effectiveness of Skejby, a Danish half-way house that mixes offenders with nonoffenders, was compared with that of the control condition of half-way houses housing only offenders. Measurement of effectiveness was based on rate of recidivism of former inmates. If those inmates who were sent to prison from their half-way houses for violations were not included in the recidivism measurement, which threat to internal validity would this potentially pose?

    1. Aselection
    2. Battrition
    3. Cmaturation
    4. Dhistory

11. 11In a quasi-experiment by Minke (2011), the effectiveness of Skejby, a Danish half-way house that mixes offenders with nonoffenders, was compared with that of the control condition of half-way houses housing only offenders. Measurement of effectiveness was based on rate of recidivism of former inmates. Which was the dependent variable in this study?

    1. Aseverity of crime committed
    2. Blength of time in half-way house
    3. Ctype of half-way house
    4. Drate of recidivism
12. 12In quasi-experiments, researchers lack full experimental control. Therefore, which type of validity must they assess to make sure they can draw firm conclusions from their results?

    1. Aconstruct
    2. Bstatistical
    3. Cinternal
    4. Dexternal
13. 13Julie works at a large gym. She wants to do a study of the effect of having a personal trainer on self-esteem and mood. She collects a list of members at her gym who would like to have a personal trainer. She assigns half of them to have a trainer right away and half of them to wait several months before being assigned a trainer. She measures self-esteem and mood in all of the participants over the next several months, when only one of the groups would have a trainer. Which kind of design is Julie using?

    1. Await-list design
    2. Bstable-baseline design
    3. Cmultiple-baseline design
    4. Dreversal design
14. 14Julie works at a large gym. She wants to do a study of the effect on self-esteem and mood of having a personal trainer. She collects a list of members at her gym who would like to have a personal trainer. She assigns half of them to have a trainer right away and half of them to wait several months before being assigned a trainer. She measures self-esteem and mood in all of the participants over the next several months, when only one of the groups would have a trainer. Which advantages does Julie's design have over selecting a group of people at the gym who were already using personal trainers and a group who was not using trainers?

    1. AShe is preventing a regression to the mean.
    2. BShe is preventing a history threat.
    3. CShe is preventing a maturation threat.
    4. DShe is preventing a selection effect.
15. 15Researchers are conducting a repeated-measures quasi-experiment. Which type of threat to internal validity should concern the researchers if they notice the participants are taking less and less time to complete the assessment questionnaires that are administered weekly?

    1. Atesting
    2. Bhistory
    3. Cselection
    4. Dinstrumentation
16. 16Two universities are involved in a study of the effects on student retention and attitude toward campus life, based on a prefreshman-year summer visit program one of the schools had implemented. The schools, both state universities in the same state, were closely matched in student-body characteristics. In the fall of the first year of the program, the school that was serving as the control was struck by a rare fall tornado, which did damage to several campus buildings. Which type of threat to internal validity would this cause?

    1. Aregression
    2. Bmaturation
    3. Cselection history
    4. Dselection
17. 17Which is the term for a quasi-experimental design with at least one treatment group and one comparison group, but in which the participants have not been randomly assigned to the groups?

    1. Anonequivalent control group design
    2. Bsmall-N design
    3. Cstable-baseline design
    4. Dreversal design
18. 18Which of the following is NOT a reason for a researcher to select a quasi-experimental design?

    1. Ato enhance external validity
    2. Bto avoid the ethical issues a true experiment would cause
    3. Cto improve internal validity
    4. Dthe opportunity to take advantage of real-world occurrences to study phenomena and events
19. 19Which of the following is NOT a way that researchers in a quasi-experimental study attempt to achieve internal validity?

    1. Amatching participants
    2. Bseeking out naturally occurring comparison groups
    3. Cimplementing a wait-list policy
    4. Drandomly assigning participants to conditions

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Quiz am Quiz 13, erstellt von Sandra Bell am 29/11/2020.

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Sandra Bell

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English

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