Biology 111

Question

A cell has enough available ATP to meet its needs for about 30 seconds. What is likely to happen when an athlete exhausts his or her ATP supply?

Answer 1

ATP is transported into the cell from the circulatory system.

Answer 2

Other cells take over, and the muscle cells that have used up their ATP cease to function.

Answer 3

Catabolic processes are activated that generate more ATP.

Answer 4

He or she has to sit down and rest.

Answer 5

ATPase activity must be opening a channel for the calcium ions to diffuse back into the SR along the concentration gradient.

Answer 6

ATPase activity must be pumping calcium from the cytosol to the SR against the concentration gradient.

Answer 7

ATPase activity must be powering an inflow of calcium from the outside of the cell into the SR.

Answer 8

ATPase activity must be transferring Ⓟi to the SR to enable this to occur.

Answer 9

The two sides of a cell membrane face different environments and carry out different functions.

Answer 10

Since the cell membrane forms a border between one cell and another in tightly packed tissues such as epithelium, the membrane must be asymmetrical.

Answer 11

Since cell membranes communicate signals from one organism to another, the cell membranes must be asymmetrical.

Answer 12

Proteins only function on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane, which results in the membrane's asymmetrical nature.

Answer 13

directly enter the energy-yielding stages of glycolysis.

Answer 14

directly enter the electron transport chain.

Answer 15

are directly decarboxylated by pyruvate dehydrogenase.

Answer 16

directly enter the citric acid cycle.

Answer 17

3'UAACGU5'

Answer 18

5'UGCAAU3'

Answer 19

5'TAACGT3'

Answer 20

5'TGCAAT3'

Answer 21

Hydrolysis raises G, or Gibbs free energy.

Answer 22

Hydrolysis increases entropy and is endergonic.

Answer 23

Hydrolysis increases entropy and is exergonic.

Answer 24

Hydrolysis decreases entropy and is exergonic.

Answer 25

As a consequence of growing, organisms cause a greater increase in entropy in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth.

Answer 26

Living organisms are able to transform energy into entropy.

Answer 27

Life obeys the second law of thermodynamics because the decrease in entropy as the organism grows is exactly balanced by an increase in the entropy of the universe.

Answer 28

Living organisms do not obey the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy must increase with time.

Answer 29

Proton pumps are necessary to all cell membranes.

Answer 30

Cells of each domain evolved proton pumps independently when oceans became more acidic.

Answer 31

Proton gradients across a membrane were used by cells that were the common ancestor of all three domains of life.

Answer 32

The high concentration of protons in the ancient atmosphere must have necessitated a pump mechanism.

Answer 33

increasing the percentage of cholesterol molecules in the membranes

Answer 34

decreasing the number of hydrophobic proteins in the membrane

Answer 35

cotransport of glucose and hydrogen

Answer 36

increasing the percentage of unsaturated phospholipids in the membrane

Answer 37

allosteric regulation

Answer 38

active transport

Answer 39

a reaction with a positive delta G

Answer 40

an endergonic reaction coupled to an exergonic reaction

Answer 41

passive transport

Answer 42

facilitated diffusion

Answer 43

transport of an ion down its electrochemical gradient

Answer 44

It requires the presence of membrane-enclosed cell organelles found only in eukaryotic cells.

Answer 45

It is found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells.

Answer 46

It does not involve organelles or specialized structures, does not require oxygen, and is present in most organisms.

Answer 47

It produces much less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer 48

population

Answer 49

the energy of motion

Answer 50

carbon dioxide and water

Answer 51

the potential energy of chemical bonds

Answer 52

kinetic energy

Answer 53

light energy

Answer 54

kinetic energy

Answer 55

thermal energy

Answer 56

chemical energy

Answer 57

emergent properties

Answer 58

reductionism

Answer 59

the cell theory

Answer 60

feedback regulation

Answer 61

a bioinformatic system

Answer 62

positive feedback

Answer 63

negative feedback

Answer 64

feedback inhibition

Answer 65

enzymatic catalysis

Answer 66

catalytic feedback

Answer 67

positive feedback

Answer 68

negative feedback

Answer 69

bioinformatic regulation

Answer 70

protein-protein interactions

Answer 71

Proceeds away from the replication fork

Answer 72

Depends upon the action of DNA polymerase

Answer 73

Proceeds in the 3' to 5' direction

Answer 74

Does not require a template strand

Answer 75

Number of valence shells in the atom.

Answer 76

Number of orbitals found in the atom.

Answer 77

Number of electrons in each orbital in the atom.

Answer 78

Presence of unpaired electrons in the outer valance shell of the atom.

Answer 79

Presence of the hybridized orbitals in the atom.

Answer 80

electrons are removed from one atom and transferred to another atom so that the two atoms become oppositely charged.

Answer 81

protons and neutrons are shared by two atoms so as to satisfy the requirements of both atoms.

Answer 82

outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shell of both atoms.

Answer 83

outer-shell electrons of an atom are transferred to the inner electron shells of another atom.

Answer 84

the inner-shell electrons of one atom are transferred to the outer-shell of another atom.

Answer 85

A frog adapts to variation in its environmental temperature.

Answer 86

Mouse fur color results from pigment formed by gene-encoded enzymes.

Answer 87

DNA is replicated during the S phase of the cell cycle.

Answer 88

A nonpolar covalent bond.

Answer 89

A polar covalent bond.

Answer 90

An ionic bond.

Answer 91

A hydrogen bond.

Answer 92

A hydrophobic interaction.

Answer 93

Ionic bonds

Answer 94

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Answer 95

Polar covalent bonds

Answer 96

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 97

Covalent bonds

Answer 98

4 times more

Answer 99

400 times more

Answer 100

4,000 times more

Answer 101

10,000 times more

Answer 102

100,000 times more

Answer 103

geometric isomers

Answer 104

enantiomers

Answer 105

structural isomers

Answer 106

nonisotopic isomers

Answer 107

Connecting monosaccharides together (condensation reactions)

Answer 108

The addition of water to each monomer (hydrolysis)

Answer 109

The removal of water (dehydration reactions)

Answer 110

Ionic bonding of the monomers

Answer 111

The formation of disulfide between monomers

Answer 112

Carboxyl groups attached to an alpha (α) carbon

Answer 113

Amino groups attached to an alpha (α) carbon

Answer 114

Side chains (R groups)

Answer 115

Alpha (α) carbons

Answer 116

Asymmetric carbons

Answer 117

bonding together of several polypeptide chains by weak bonds.

Answer 118

order in which amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain.

Answer 119

unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide.

Answer 120

organization of a polypeptide chain into a a-helix or B-pleated sheet.

Answer 121

DNA → RNA → Proteins

Answer 122

RNA → Proteins → DNA

Answer 123

Proteins → DNA → RNA

Answer 124

RNA → DNA → Proteins

Answer 125

DNA → Proteins → RNA

Answer 126

Phospholipids

Answer 127

Nucleic Acids

Answer 128

Cholesterol

Answer 129

Glycoproteins

Answer 130

Active transport

Answer 131

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 132

Exocytosis

Answer 133

Pumps equal quantities of Na+ and K+ across the membrane.

Answer 134

Pumps hydrogen ions out of cells.

Answer 135

Contributes to the membrane potential.

Answer 136

Ionizes sodium and potassium atoms.

Answer 137

Is used to drive the transport of other molecules against a concentration gradient.

Answer 138

Metabolism

Answer 139

Dehydration

Answer 140

Catabolism

Answer 141

ATP serves as a main energy shuttle inside cells.

Answer 142

ATP drives endergonic reactions in the cell by the enzymatic transfer of the phosphate group to specific reactants.

Answer 143

The regeneration of ATP from ADP and phosphate is an endergonic reaction.

Answer 144

CO2 and H2O

Answer 145

CO2 and pyruvate

Answer 146

NADH and pyruvate

Answer 147

CO2 and NADH

Answer 148

H2O, FADH2, and citrate

Answer 149

Yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain.

Answer 150

Act as an acceptor for the electrons and hydrogen.

Answer 151

Combine with carbon, forming CO2.

Answer 152

Combine with lactate, forming pyruvate.

Answer 153

Catalyze the reactions of glycolysis.

Answer 154

The paracrine, local, and synaptic stages

Answer 155

Signal reception, signal transduction, and cellular response

Answer 156

Signal reception, nucleus disintegration, and new cell generation

Answer 157

The alpha, beta, and gamma stages

Answer 158

Signal reception, cellular response, and cell division

Answer 159

They are important in the nervous system.

Answer 160

They lead to changes in sodium and calcium concentration in cells.

Answer 161

They open or close in response to a chemical signal.

Answer 162

Two diploid cells result

Answer 163

Four diploid cells result

Answer 164

Four haploid cells result

Answer 165

Four autosomes result

Answer 166

Four chiasmata result

Answer 167

There is considerable genetic variation in garden peas.

Answer 168

Traits are inherited in discrete units, and are not the results of "blending".

Answer 169

Recessive genes occur more frequently in the F1 than do dominant ones.

Answer 170

Genes are composed of DNA.

Answer 171

An organism that is homozygous for many recessive traits is at a disadvantage.

Answer 172

The leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction

Answer 173

The leading strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing strand, and the lagging strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 5' end.

Answer 174

The leading strand is synthesized continuously, whereas the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments that are ultimately stitched together.

Answer 175

RNA polymerase uses RNA as a template and DNA polymerase uses a DNA template

Answer 176

RNA polymerase binds to single-stranded DNA and DNA polymerase binds to double-stranded DNA

Answer 177

RNA polymerase is much more accurate than DNA polymerase

Answer 178

RNA polymerase can initiate RNA synthesis but DNA polymerase requires a primer to initiate DNA synthesis.

Answer 179

RNA polymerase does not need to separate the two strands of DNA in order to synthesize an RNA copy, whereas DNA polymerase must unwind the double helix before it can replicate the DNA.

Answer 180

a base insertion only

Answer 181

a base deletion only

Answer 182

a base substitution only

Answer 183

deletion of three consecutive bases

Answer 184

either an insertion or a deletion of a base

Answer 185

enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when cell temperature drops.

Answer 186

enables the animal to remove hydrogen atoms from saturated phospholipids.

Answer 187

enables the animal to add hydrogen atoms to unsaturated phospholipids.

Answer 188

makes the membrane less flexible, allowing it to sustain greater pressure from within the cell.

Answer 189

makes the animal more susceptible to circulatory disorders.

Answer 190

They can move laterally along the plane of the membrane.

Answer 191

They frequently flip-flop from one side of the membrane to the other.

Answer 192

They occur in an uninterrupted bilayer, with membrane proteins restricted to the surface of the membrane.

Answer 193

They are free to depart from the membrane and dissolve in the surrounding solution.

Answer 194

They have hydrophilic tails in the interior of the membrane.

Answer 195

large and hydrophobic

Answer 196

small and hydrophobic

Answer 197

large polar

Answer 198

monosaccharides such as glucose

Answer 199

an amino acid

Answer 200

hydroxyl groups

Answer 201

carbonyl groups

Answer 202

carboxyl groups

Answer 203

Fatty acids

Answer 204

Disaccharides

Answer 205

carbohydrates

Answer 206

nucleic acids

Answer 207

amylopectin

Answer 208

Removal of a water molecule

Answer 209

Addition of a water molecule

Answer 210

Formation of a glycosidic bond

Answer 211

Formation of a hydrogen bond

Answer 212

Both removal of a water molecule and formation of a hydrogen bond

Answer 213

X-ray crystallography

Answer 214

bioinformatics

Answer 215

analysis of amino acid sequence of small fragments

Answer 216

NMR spectroscopy

Answer 217

transmit genetic information to offspring.

Answer 218

function in the synthesis of proteins.

Answer 219

make a copy of itself, thus ensuring genetic continuity.

Answer 220

act as a pattern or blueprint to form DNA.

Answer 221

form the genes of higher organisms.

Answer 222

Phosphorus

Answer 223

large differences in elemental composition from organism to organism.

Answer 224

differences in the types and relative amounts of organic molecules synthesized by each organism.

Answer 225

differences in the elements that bond with carbon in each organism.

Answer 226

differences in the sizes of the organic molecules in each organism.

Answer 227

differences in inorganic compounds present in each organism.

Answer 228

covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds

Answer 229

ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds

Answer 230

The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.

Answer 231

The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.

Answer 232

They are hydrophilic.

Answer 233

They exhibit considerable molecular complexity and diversity.

Answer 234

They are lighter than water.

Answer 235

They have variations in arrangement around a double bond.

Answer 236

They have an asymmetric carbon that makes them mirror images.

Answer 237

They have the same chemical properties.

Answer 238

They have different molecular formulas.

Answer 239

Their atoms and bonds are arranged in different sequences.

Answer 240

have identical chemical formulas but differ in the branching of their carbon skeletons.

Answer 241

are mirror images of one another.

Answer 242

exist in either linear chain or ring forms.

Answer 243

differ in the location of their double bonds.

Answer 244

It lacks an asymmetric carbon, and it is probably a fat or lipid.

Answer 245

It should dissolve in water.

Answer 246

It should dissolve in a nonpolar solvent.

Answer 247

It won't form hydrogen bonds with water.

Answer 248

It is hydrophobic.

Answer 249

sulfhydryl

Answer 250

They are essential components of cell membranes.

Answer 251

They are not soluble in water.

Answer 252

They are made of fatty acids.

Answer 253

They are hydrophilic compounds.

Answer 254

They contribute to atherosclerosis.

Answer 255

hemoglobin

Answer 256

cholesterol

Answer 257

abtibodies

Answer 258

A nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

Answer 259

A nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar.

Answer 260

A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar.

Answer 261

A phosphate group and an adenine or uracil.

Answer 262

A pentose sugar and a purine or pyrimidine.

Answer 263

view the structure of cell membranes.

Answer 264

sort cells based on their size and weight.

Answer 265

determine the size of various organelles.

Answer 266

separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can be determined.

Answer 267

separate lipid-soluble from water-soluble molecules.

Answer 268

a cell wall

Answer 269

a plasma membrane

Answer 270

an endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 271

Limitation on the strength and integrity of the plasma membrane as cell size increases.

Answer 272

The difference in plasma membranes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Answer 273

Evolutionary progression in cell size; more primitive cells have smaller sizes.

Answer 274

The need for a surface area of sufficient area to support the cell's metabolic needs.

Answer 275

Rigid cell walls that limit cell size expansion.

Answer 276

mitochondria

Answer 277

golgi vesicles

Answer 278

microtubules

Answer 279

centrosomes

Answer 280

peroxisomes

Answer 281

nucleic acids

Answer 282

the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 283

the Golgi apparatus

Answer 284

the lysosome

Answer 285

mitochondria

Answer 286

membrane-bound ribosomes

Answer 287

mitochondrion

Answer 288

Golgi apparatus

Answer 289

peroxisome

Answer 290

They do not depend on enzymes.

Answer 291

They are usually highly spontaneous chemical reactions.

Answer 292

They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers.

Answer 293

They release energy as they degrade polymers to monomers.

Answer 294

an organism

Answer 295

an ecosystem

Answer 296

the universe

Answer 297

Metabolism depends on a constant supply of energy from food.

Answer 298

Metabolism depends on an organisms adequate hydration.

Answer 299

Metabolism uses all of an organism's resources.

Answer 300

Metabolism consists of all the energy transformation reactions in an organism.

Answer 301

endergonic

Answer 302

endothermic

Answer 303

spontaneous

Answer 304

Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions.

Answer 305

It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions.

Answer 306

Its terminal phosphate group contains a strong covalent bond that, when hydrolyzed, releases free energy.

Answer 307

Its terminal phosphate bond has higher energy than the other two.

Answer 308

It is one of the four building blocks for DNA synthesis.

Answer 309

They combine molecules into more energy-rich molecules.

Answer 310

They supply energy, primarily in the form of ATP, for the cell's work.

Answer 311

They are endergonic.

Answer 312

They are spontaneous and do not need enzyme catalysis.

Answer 313

It is used to power yet more cellular work.

Answer 314

It is used to store energy as more ATP.

Answer 315

It is used to generate ADP from nucleotide precursors.

Answer 316

It is lost to the environment.

Answer 317

binds allosteric regulators of the enzyme.

Answer 318

is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme.

Answer 319

binds noncompetitive inhibitors of the enzyme.

Answer 320

is inhibited by the presence of a coenzyme or a cofactor.

Answer 321

doubling the activation energy needed

Answer 322

cooling the reaction by 10°C

Answer 323

doubling the concentration of the reactants to 2.0 micromolar

Answer 324

doubling the enzyme concentration

Answer 325

increasing the concentration of reactants to 10.0 micromolar, while reducing the concentration of enzyme by 1/2

Answer 326

endergonic, ∆G > 0

Answer 327

exergonic, ∆G < 0

Answer 328

endergonic, ∆G < 0

Answer 329

exergonic, ∆G > 0

Answer 330

chemical equilibrium, ∆G = 0

Answer 331

glycolysis

Answer 332

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

Answer 333

the citric acid cycle

Answer 334

the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

Answer 335

the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP

Answer 336

mitochondrial outer membrane

Answer 337

mitochondrial inner membrane

Answer 338

mitochondrial intermembrane space

Answer 339

mitochondrial matrix

Answer 340

autotrophs and heterotrophs

Answer 341

producers and primary consumers

Answer 342

photosynthesizers

Answer 343

autotrophs

Answer 344

green plants

Answer 345

photosynthesis only

Answer 346

respiration only

Answer 347

both photosynthesis and respiration

Answer 348

neither photosynthesis nor respiration

	Erstellt von Nicole Berozsky vor fast 9 Jahre

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Biology 111

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