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Quiz von Amy Labossiere, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von Amy Labossiere
vor mehr als 8 Jahre
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Frage 1
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[blank_start]Locke[blank_end] argued that our source of certainty lies in our awareness of ourselves as sentient, together with pre-existing thoughts.
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Locke
Frage 2
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[blank_start]Descartes[blank_end] argued that we cannot know what is real until we know with some certainty what it is that we can know.
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Descartes
Frage 3
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[blank_start]Declarative[blank_end] knowledge is also known as [blank_start]offline/cold cognition[blank_end], which is knowing THAT something is the case.
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Declarative
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offline/cold cognition
Frage 4
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[blank_start]Procedural[blank_end] knowledge is also known as [blank_start]online/hot cognition[blank_end], which is knowing HOW to do something.
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Procedural
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online/hot cognition
Frage 5
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[blank_start]Priori[blank_end] knowledge, supported by Descartes, is the idea that ideas/principles are pre-installed in the human mind by a God.
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Priori
Frage 6
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____________ is to rationalism as ______________ is to empiricism
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Locke; Descartes
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Descartes; Locke
Frage 7
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[blank_start]Rationalists[blank_end] are from the general to the specific
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Rationalists
Frage 8
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[blank_start]Empiricists[blank_end] are from the specific to the general
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Empiricists
Frage 9
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Darwin had a [blank_start]materialistic[blank_end] view of the mind
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materialistic
Frage 10
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[blank_start]Monophyletic origin[blank_end] can be defined as the descendent from a common evolutionary ancesor
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Monophyletic origin
Frage 11
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Nature is to __________, and nurture is to _____________.
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Declarative Knowledge/Hot & Procedural Knowledge/Cold
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Declarative Knowledge/Cold & Procedural Knowledge/Hot
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Procedural Knowledge/Hot & Declarative/Cold
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Procedural Knowledge/Cold & Declarative Knowledge/Hot
Frage 12
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Evolution can be defined as [blank_start]descent with modification[blank_end]
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descent with modification
Frage 13
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Natural selection is a simple product of the concurrence of 3 requirements: [blank_start]variation, competition, and inheritence[blank_end]
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variation, competition, and inheritence
Frage 14
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[blank_start]Stablising selection[blank_end] is when species stop evolving and the average value of traits remains the same. Evolution occurs under [blank_start]driving or disruptive selection.[blank_end]
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Stablising selection
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driving or disruptive selection.
Frage 15
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The European Peppered Moth discussed in class is an example of [blank_start]microevolution[blank_end] rather than [blank_start]speciation[blank_end].
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microevolution
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speciation
Frage 16
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[blank_start]Mutations[blank_end] are the wellspring of evolutionary change.
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Mutations
Frage 17
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Natural selection can only operate on [blank_start]what exists[blank_end].
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what exists
Frage 18
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Natural selection modifying existing attributes to do different things
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Adaptive radiation
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Divergent evolution
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Fitness
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Gene pool
Frage 19
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[blank_start]Analogy[blank_end] is when two structures (such as a bat wing and a dragon fly wing) where they are alike, but not the same and do not share the same evolutionary history.
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Analogy
Frage 20
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[blank_start]Homology[blank_end] is a set of structures that are shared by a common ancestor (such as the flipper or a walrus and the wing of a bat).
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Homology
Frage 21
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Why can no adaptation ever be perfect?
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Environmental conditions are not fixed and change over time
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Mutations are the wellspring of evolution
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Natural selection can only act on what exists
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All of the above
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Environmental conditions are not fixed & natural selection can only act on what exists
Frage 22
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[blank_start]Macroevolution or speciation[blank_end], is the emergence of a new species
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Macroevolution or speciation
Frage 23
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[blank_start]Allopatric speciation[blank_end] is speciation that follows from a population of animals being separated spatially.
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Allopatric speciation
Frage 24
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As was the case with Darwin's finches, appearance is helpful in identifying species, but it does not define the species: the adherence to this definition is [blank_start]biological species concept[blank_end]
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biological species concept
Frage 25
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[blank_start]Hybridization[blank_end] is when the population may re-join without speciation taking place and the 2 gene pools effectively merge
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Hybridization
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Allopatric speciation
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Divergent evolution
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Homoplasy
Frage 26
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To understand the historical or evolutionary context in which specific characteristics arise or disappear, we need to be able to identify the taxa using a [blank_start]phylogeny[blank_end]
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phylogeny
Frage 27
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Skeletal material and behaviour are both [blank_start]phenotypes[blank_end]
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phenotypes
Frage 28
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A trait that is shared by 2 or more species, but is not present in the common ancestor because it has evolved more recently. This provides a more accurate picture of relatedness, called [blank_start]synapmorphies[blank_end]
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synapmorphies
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apomorphies
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homoplasy
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homology
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analogy
Frage 29
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[blank_start]Convergent evolution[blank_end] or [blank_start]homoplasy[blank_end] is when a trait can carry or disappear within a clade independently of a common ancestor.
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Convergent evolution
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homoplasy
Frage 30
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A [blank_start]haplotype[blank_end] is a set of adjacent alleles or DNA sequences that is inherited together
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haplotype
Frage 31
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Looking at the graph of oil-droplet evolution in vervetes,
Label 1. Which TWO species evolved independently from one another since the time of separation from the common ancestor
and 2. Which vision was the common ancestor for the bottom group?
and 3.What principle is graph illustrating?
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Frogs and monotremes
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pigmented
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Homoplasy
Frage 32
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The problem with [blank_start]gene-based phylogenies[blank_end] is that we cannot extract useable genetic material from fossils, and gene clocks may not be properly calibrated. Thus, we must combine phenotypic phylogenies and genotypic phylogenies.
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gene-based phylogenies
Frage 33
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Darwin promoted the [blank_start]comparative method[blank_end] when he pointed to baboons as a source of information
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comparative method
Frage 34
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Chimpanzees are more closely related to humans than they (chimpanzees) are related to gorillas.
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- True
- False
Frage 35
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The good thing about gene-based phylogenies is that the number of mutations that have occurred within and across clades can also serve as a molecular clock for dating.
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- True
- False
Frage 36
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[blank_start]Gene/Molecular Clocks[blank_end] operate on the assumption that spontaneous errors in nucleotide sequences during replication (mutations) happen at a fixed average rate.
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Gene/Molecular Clocks
Frage 37
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For a gene/molecular clock to be calibrated, a [blank_start]fossil record[blank_end] is conducted
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fossil record
Frage 38
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The hominoidea group does not include apes and is solely consisting of all homosapians (living and extinct)
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- True
- False
Frage 39
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Hominoids are characterized by 3 distinct modes of locomotion.... which ones?
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Bipedalism
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Knuckle walking
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Brachiation
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Swimming
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Sitting
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Swinging
Frage 40
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Humans are alone among the living primates in habitually walking bipedally. It is a feature only of the hominid lineage.
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- True
- False
Frage 41
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Bipedalism evolved from a [blank_start]knuckle walking[blank_end] ancestor
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knuckle walking
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brachiating
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swimming
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quadrapedal
Frage 42
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The good thing about gene-based phylogenies:
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Operate on the assumption that spontaneous errors in nucleotide sequences during replication (mutations) happen at a fixed average rate, reflecting amount of time has passed since they split off from a common ancestor. Calibrated using a fossil record [how they found dogs were wolves]
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They are unbiased and scientifically accurate.
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Helps identify possible selection pressures.
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Allows us to infer WHEN attributes first emerged as well as it's functional significance.
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They tell us not only WHEN something happened, but also WHERE it did.
Frage 43
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[blank_start]Founder effects[blank_end] can be defined as the loss of genetic variability, through chance alone, that occurs when a small subset of a larger population is reproductively isolated and thus shifts the gene pool accordingly
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Founder effects
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Allopatric speciation
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Synapomorphy
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Anapomorphy
Frage 44
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[blank_start]Homoplast[blank_end] is a major problem in the construction of phylogenies. But, if we can identify it as such, it can be valuable in the comparative method.
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Homoplasy
Frage 45
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[blank_start]Phylogenetic intertia[blank_end] is an expression of the same trait by different members of a clade only because it has been carried and hasn't come under selection pressure (if it ain't broke - don't fix it!)
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Phylogenetic intertia
Frage 46
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Even though we have equal numbers of living arboreal and terrestrial species, there is no evidence that the group size of each is a consequence of its ecological niche [analyze by interdependent contrasts]
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- True
- False
Frage 47
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[blank_start]Language[blank_end] is a good example of descent with modification in hominin communities.
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Language
Frage 48
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[blank_start]Platyrrhini[blank_end] primates are broad nosed. Their nostrils are far apart and generally open to the side. These are the New World Monkeys [confined to Central and South America] and are typically diurnal.
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Platyrrhini
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Strepsirihini
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Haporhini
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Catarrhini
Frage 49
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[blank_start]Catarrhini[blank_end] primates are narrow nosed that are flat and downwards. This includes humans and the old world monkeys/apes [Africa/Asia]
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Catarrhini
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Platyrrihini
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Haplorhini
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Strepsirhini
Frage 50
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[blank_start]Strepsirhini[blank_end] primates have a bent, inwardly turned nose, and typically wet dog-like noses and are mostly nocturnal.
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Strepsirhini
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Haplorhini
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Platyrrihni
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Catarrhini
Frage 51
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[blank_start]Haplorhini[blank_end] primates have simple noses are have 2 subtypes within this group.
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Haplorhini
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Strepsirhini
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Platyrrihni
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Catarrhini
Frage 52
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We humans, and other apes of the Platyrrihini, are apart of the Hominoidea group.
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- True
- False
Frage 53
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Hominoidea [we + apes of the catarrhine] belong to this group. Phylogenetically, the apes are characterized by the absence of a tail and are generally divided into 2 groups:
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Hylobatidae [lesser apes]
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Hominidae [great apes]
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Hylobatidae [great apes]
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Hominidae [lesser apes]
Frage 54
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The few living apes that were around during the miocene area occupied a variety of ecological niches and probably displayed physical and behavioural diversity that we now associate with the Old World Monkeys that replaced them [baboons, vervet monkeys]
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- True
- False
Frage 55
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Not all living apes are ripe fruit eaters.
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- True
- False
Frage 56
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The era in which mammals first appeared, or the 'age of the reptiles'.
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Misocene era
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Mesozoic era
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Cretacious period
Frage 57
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Which 3 clades made it through the cretacious period when dinosaurs died?
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Platypus
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Marsupials
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Placental mammals
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Monkeys
Frage 58
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There was a lineage splitting and this diversification is linked to the occupation of different and recently vacated ecological niches. It's likely that the diversification was underpinned by 3 apomorphic adaptations...
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Sensitive hearing made possible by the evolutionary emergence of the detached middle ear from the mandible
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The evolution of tribosphenic molars
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The emergence of the capacity to regulate body temperature using metabolic heat or shivering
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The evolution of bipedalism to maximize transportation efficiency through running
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The evolution of speech
Frage 59
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As a general rule, the most important thing to be able to do while up a tree is to avoid predation.
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- True
- False
Frage 60
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What 3 adaptations made the ability to move from one food source to another possible?
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The evolution of primate grasp: the power grip, and the precision grip
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The evolution of binocular vision to aid stereopsis
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The emergence of only having 1 offspring at a time as opposed to a litter
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The emergence of language
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Speed increased by past experience with predators
Frage 61
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Which 3 things were sacrificed for the adaptations to live in the trees?
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Teeth
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Claws
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Panoramic vision
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Sociality
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Quadrapedalism
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Problem solving
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Binocular vision
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Digit
Frage 62
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[blank_start]Robust[blank_end] australopiths chewed their way out of trouble. Their teeth are large, grinding molars that allowed them to process hard foods. [blank_start]Gracile[blank_end] australopiths had teeth that were less committed to a particular ecological view.
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Robust
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Gracile
Frage 63
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The first identified member of our species was either [blank_start]homo habilis[blank_end] or [blank_start]homo ergaster[blank_end]
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homo habilis
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homo ergaster
Frage 64
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[blank_start]Homo erectus[blank_end] was the first hominin to leave Africa
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Homo erectus
Frage 65
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[blank_start]Homo florensiensis[blank_end] was a hominin with small stature and small brain size
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Homo florensiensis
Frage 66
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The emergence of the hominids is associated with:
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living in the trees
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competition with apes living alongside humans
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the cooling down and drying out of Africa
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predation driving hominids to expand across the world
Frage 67
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The problems posed by savanna woodlands are of 2 kinds
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Those associated with getting enough food and water
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Those associated with increased risk of predation
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Those associated with staying cool
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Those associated with needing to communicate
Frage 68
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Primates have a specialized cooling system to cool their brains.
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- True
- False
Frage 69
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Our inheritance of small incisors means that we were not dentally pre-adapted to meat eating.
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- True
- False
Frage 70
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Lucy, an [blank_start]australopithecus afarensis[blank_end], was readily bipedal. Unlike chimps and more like us, her arms are shortened relative to her legs and her spine is curved and her tarsal bones are less manoeuvrable.
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australopithecus afarensis
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homo erectus
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homo habilis
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homo ergaster
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neanderthal
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homo florensiensis
Frage 71
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We see in hominids a reduction in size of incisors and canine teeth and a substantial increase in the size of the molars. We also find an increase in the robustness of the lower jaw.
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- True
- False
Frage 72
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Skeletal fossils allow us to infer not only the overall size of an extinct animal but also how it moved.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 73
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Living in a more open country places a premium on the need for [blank_start]locomotion to be energetically efficient[blank_end].
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locomotion to be energetically efficient
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self-defence against predation
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trees to sprout up to live in
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stereopsis vision for finding food
Frage 74
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Running is more energetically demanding than running.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 75
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The smaller you are, it makes no difference in efficiency for walking vs running. If you are bigger, running has more energy costs.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 76
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Chimp walking is very inefficient compared to the cost expected for a quadrupedal mammal of the same weight. Chimpanzees are more efficient when they run.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 77
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Modern humans have an extraordinary capacity for long-distance running. Humans have a suite of adaptation that make the costs of endurance running tolerable....
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Adaptations that minimize energy demand [balanced head, swivelling neck, long achilles tendons that soak up energy for free, large gluteus maximus for balance]
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Humans have become taller and leaner [reduces the surface area exposed to direct sunlight and allows us to benefit from laminar air flow & alters body volume/surface ratio to ease heat loss]
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Stereopsis vision [color vision, binocular vision, precision]
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Bipedalism
Frage 78
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The [blank_start]obstetric dilemma[blank_end] is the collision of competing locomotory and reproductive selection pressures.
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obstetric dilemma
Frage 79
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Primate fetuses grow faster than those of average mammals.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 80
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Human gestation is evolutionarily conserved.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 81
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If it weren't for our [blank_start]large heads[blank_end], we would all arrive in the world without any real complications.
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large heads
Frage 82
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In order to deal with the problems of large heads in humans, (2 things):
Antworten
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We are born earlier than we should be
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Natural selection has produced very elastic neonatal skulls that can deform in response to the pressures imposed by a rigid pelvis
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We have adapted to sweat in order to 'cool our brains'
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Natural selection has provided us with language
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