Quiz
Anatomy Learning Tool
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1Somatic NS
--> [blank_start]sensory nerves[blank_end] - skin, bones, joints (external environment)
--> [blank_start]motor nerves[blank_end] - skeletal muscles (voluntary)- Asensory nerves
- Bmotor nerves
2[blank_start]Autonomic NS[blank_end]
Sensory - organs / motor - cardiac & smooth muscle. Internal environment/involuntary- AAutonomic NS
3[blank_start]Procencephalon[blank_end] --> Telencephalon + Diencephalon
[blank_start]Mesencephalon[blank_end] --> Mesencephalon
[blank_start]Rhombencephalon[blank_end] --> Metencephalon + Myelencephalon- AProcencephalon
- BMesencephalon
- CRhombencephalon
4[blank_start]Telencephalon[blank_end] --> hemispheres lat. ventricles
[blank_start]Diencephalon[blank_end] --> thalamus / 3rd ventricle
[blank_start]Mesencephalon[blank_end] --> midbrain/ aqueduct.
[blank_start]Metencephalon[blank_end] --> pons/upper 4th ventricle
[blank_start]Myelencephalon[blank_end] --> medulla lower 4th ventricle- ATelencephalon
- BDiencephalon
- CMesencephalon
- DMetencephalon
- EMyelencephalon
5[blank_start]Grey matter[blank_end] --> huge number of neurons, cell processes, synapses etc.
[blank_start]White matter[blank_end] --> (medullary centre), axons
[blank_start]Arcuate fibers[blank_end] --> numerous short bundles of fibres that connect adjacent gyri
[blank_start]Superior longitudinal fasciculus[blank_end] --> run ant- post, connect the frontal lobe, parietal & temp - occipital
[blank_start]Gingulum[blank_end] --> longitudinal bundle, connects temp, cingulate gyrus & septal area
[blank_start]Ant. commisure[blank_end] --> bundle of axons post. to restrum of corpus callosum & provides communication between left-right temp
[blank_start]Internal capsule[blank_end] --> large bundle of axons which allow communication between cortex-brainstem. At its end, fibers far out to cortex --> corona radiata
[blank_start]Cerebellum[blank_end] --> coordinate movement
[blank_start]Thalamus[blank_end] --> act as a relay station for sensory info coming from periphery --> to cortex
[blank_start]Brainstem[blank_end] --> cells associated with cranial nerve- AGrey matter
- BWhite matter
- CArcuate fibers
- DSuperior longitudinal fasciculus
- EGingulum
- FAnt. commisure
- GInternal capsule
- HCerebellum
- IThalamus
- JBrainstem
6[blank_start]ACA[blank_end] --> supplies medial and sup. parts of frontal lobe & ant. parietal lobe
[blank_start]MCA[blank_end] --> supplies primary motor and somatosensory cortical areas of face
[blank_start]PCA[blank_end] --> supplies occipital lobe, posteromed temp. lobe, midbrain thalamus, choroid plexus. part of lat. & 3rd ventricle- APCA
- BMCA
- CACA
- DPMA
- EMCA
- FACA
- GPCA
- HACA
- IMCA
7[blank_start]Medial striate art. (recurrent art)[blank_end] --> ant. basal ganglia + genu of int. caps
[blank_start]Anterior choroidal artery[blank_end] --> enters [blank_start]lat. ventr.[blank_end] to supply choroid optic tract, int. caps, basal ganglii
[blank_start]Cerebellum arteries[blank_end] --> post. inf. cerebellar - from vertebral ant. inf. cereb + [blank_start]superior cereb[blank_end] (basilar)
[blank_start]Chor. plexus[blank_end] - 3rd --> 1 ant and 2 post choroidal art + 4th ventricle --> ant. inf. cerebellar art.
[blank_start]Choroid plexus[blank_end] --> covered by a layer of [blank_start]pia matter[blank_end] and outer --> modified ependymal cells (cuboidal)- AChoroid plexus
- BChor. plexus
- CCerebellum arteries
- DAnterior choroidal artery
- EMedial striate art. (recurrent art)
- Fpia matter
- Glat. ventr.
- Hsuperior cereb
8Cytoarchiterct of neocortex
i) [blank_start]molecular[blank_end] layer
ii) ext. [blank_start]granular[blank_end] layer
iii) ext [blank_start]pyramidal[blank_end] layer
iv) int. [blank_start]granular[blank_end] layer
v) [blank_start]ganglionic[blank_end] pyramidal layer
vi) [blank_start]multiform[blank_end] (fusiform)- Amolecular
- Bgranular
- Cpyramidal
- Dgranular
- Eganglionic
- Fmultiform
9Cerebellar cortex --> 3 layers: a) [blank_start]molecular[blank_end], b) [blank_start]purkinje[blank_end], c) [blank_start]granular[blank_end]
- Amolecular
- Bpurkinje
- Cgranular
10Embryology of NS
- NS begins to form during embryonic development from the [blank_start]ectoderm[blank_end]
- [blank_start]Neural plate[blank_end], a thickening of the ectoderm, forms early in development and gives rise to the neural tube
- Neural tube - folds and fuses to form the brain and [blank_start]sp. cord[blank_end]
- Neural [blank_start]crest cells[blank_end] - arise from neural tube - migrate to different parts of the body and give rise to [blank_start]PNS[blank_end], including [blank_start]sensory neurons[blank_end], symp. & parasymp. ganglia
- Undergo migration move to [blank_start]their final position[blank_end]- Aectoderm
- BNeural plate
- Ceptaderm
- Dsp. cord
- Ecrest cells
- FPNS
- Gsensory neurons
- Htheir final position
11Cell signalling
Cells that produce the signals --> [blank_start]inducing cells[blank_end]
Cells that receive the signals --> [blank_start]responders[blank_end]- Ainducing cells
- Bresponders
12The ability of cells to respond to inducers is called "compatibility"
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
13Cell fates
a) [blank_start]Commitment[blank_end] --> how firmly a developed cell adheres to that fate
b) [blank_start]Competence[blank_end] --> the ability of an undifferentiated cell to take on a specific fate
c) [blank_start]Specification[blank_end] --> the process by which a cell receives info. directing it towards its fate- ACommitment
- BCompetence
- CSpecification
14Neural patterning occurs before the induction of a neural cell fate
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
15Signalling along the AP Axis:
[blank_start]Cerberus[blank_end] --> head development
Wnt & RA --> [blank_start]forebrain - midbrain[blank_end]
Wnt, RA, [blank_start]FGF[blank_end], TGFβ --> [blank_start]spinal cord[blank_end]
[blank_start]Otx2 & Gbx2[blank_end] --> mid - hindbrain
[blank_start]Pax6 & En1[blank_end] --> forebrain - midbrain- ACerberus
- Bforebrain - midbrain
- CFGF
- Dspinal cord
- EOtx2 & Gbx2
- FPax6 & En1
16Neural tube is formed of a sheet of cells = neuroepith
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
17Neural progenitor cells (NPs) --> give rise to glial & neuronal cell types, & also generate immune system cells
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
18[blank_start]Neurogenesis[blank_end] --> the process by which new neurons are formed in the brain
[blank_start]Cell proliferation[blank_end] --> the process responsible for the increase of cell number
[blank_start]Cell differentiation[blank_end] --> the process responsible for the functional specialisation of cells (occurs through the regulation of gene expression)- ANeurogenesis
- BCell proliferation
- CCell differentiation
19Transcr. factors of the basic helix loop helix (bHLH) key determinants of neural cell fate specification & differentiation, ensuring that the appropriate number of neurons & glial cell types are produced.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
20Radial glia are [blank_start]multipotent[blank_end] and [blank_start]self-renewing[blank_end]
- Amultipotent
- Bself-renewing
21How do cells know what to become?
i) [blank_start]extrinsic[blank_end] signals from environment
ii) [blank_start]intrinsic[blank_end] signals - info from transcription factors expressed by progen. cell due to regional patterning- Aextrinsic
- Bintrinsic
22Cell fate is eventually determined by which factors?
- AExtrinsic
- BIntrinsic
23Spinal cord funtions:
- Areceives prim. afferent fibers from peripheral receptors
- Bsends motor axons to skeletal muscle
- Cprovides communication between brain and periphery
- Dhouses preganglionic neurons of symp. & parasymp. NS
- Etransmits info to ant. ventr. receptors
24Below L1 - [blank_start]sp. canal[blank_end] includes the [blank_start]dorsal[blank_end] and [blank_start]ventral[blank_end] roots of L2, [blank_start]lower sp. nerves[blank_end] & the [blank_start]fillum terminale[blank_end] --> this collection of roots is called [blank_start]caude equina[blank_end]
- Asp. canal
- Bdorsal
- Cventral
- Dlower sp. nerves
- Efillum terminale
- Fcaude equina
25The sp. cord is suspended in the canal by the [blank_start]dentriculate[blank_end] ligament
- Adentriculate
26Grey matter is greatest at caudal levels and less at cervical levels
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
27Location of lamina:
i) lamina I-IV: [blank_start]dorsal column[blank_end]
ii) lamina IV-VI: [blank_start]base of dorsal column[blank_end]
iii) lamina VII: [blank_start]intermediate gray column[blank_end]
iv) lamina VII-IX: [blank_start]ventral horn[blank_end]
v) lamina X: [blank_start]central grey matter[blank_end]- Adorsal column
- Bbase of dorsal column
- Cintermediate gray column
- Dventral horn
- Ecentral grey matter
28Arterial supply:
- 3 longitudinal art.: 1 [blank_start]anterior[blank_end] & 2 [blank_start]posterior[blank_end]
- segmentaql art.: [blank_start]vertebral[blank_end], [blank_start]intercostal[blank_end] & [blank_start]lumbar[blank_end]
Note: A radicular art. arises from an intercostal art. on the left between T[blank_start]9[blank_end]-[blank_start]11[blank_end] --> great ant. segmental medullary art.- Aanterior
- Bposterior
- Cvertebral
- Dintercostal
- Elumbar
- F9
- G11
29Where is the prim. somatosensory cortex?
In the [blank_start]ant.[blank_end] part of [blank_start]parietal[blank_end] lobe / [blank_start]Brodman[blank_end] areas 1, 2, 3a-b.
Also, it is arranged in cell columns of [blank_start]6[blank_end] layers.- Aant.
- Bparietal
- CBrodman
- D6
30Ascending and Descending fibers:
[blank_start]Dorsal funiculus[blank_end]: a large body of [blank_start]ascending[blank_end] axons derived from neurons located in [blank_start]dorsal[blank_end] root ganglia.
[blank_start]Ascending fibers[blank_end] --> sensation, recognise changes in the position of tactile stimuli applied to skin movement and position of joint
[blank_start]Gracile & cuneate fasciculus[blank_end] are located [blank_start]dorsally[blank_end] in the medulla!
[blank_start]Gracile fasciculus[blank_end] --> sensation of [blank_start]lower[blank_end] limb
[blank_start]Cuneate fasciculus & nucleus[blank_end] --> sensation of [blank_start]upper[blank_end] limb towards cortex- ADorsal funiculus
- Bascending
- Cdorsal
- DAscending fibers
- EGracile & cuneate fasciculus
- Fdorsally
- GGracile fasciculus
- Hlower
- Iupper
- JCuneate fasciculus & nucleus
31Ascending tracts:
- impulses from pain, [blank_start]thermal[blank_end], tactile, muscle --> to brain
- some info reaches a [blank_start]conscious[blank_end] level (at cerebral cortex)
- some --> for [blank_start]subconscious[blank_end] centers (cerebellum)- Athermal
- Bconscious
- Csubconscious
32Decussation of internal arcuate fibers:
Fibers decussate in the [blank_start]medulla oblongata[blank_end] --> these cross from one side of the body to the [blank_start]medulla oblongata[blank_end] - forming sensory decussation- Amedulla oblongata
- Bmedulla oblongata
33Tactile receptors are somatosensory receptors that respond to mechanical stimulation of the skin.
- Merkel cells --> located in [blank_start]epidermis[blank_end], respond to [blank_start]pressure[blank_end]
- Meissner's corpuscles --> located in [blank_start]dermal papillae[blank_end] & respond to [blank_start]light touch[blank_end]
- Pacinian corpuscles --> located [blank_start]deep in the skin[blank_end] / respond to [blank_start]deep pressure[blank_end]
- Ruffini --> located in [blank_start]dermis[blank_end] / respond to [blank_start]stretch[blank_end]
- Fingertips, lips, tongue --> highest density of tactile receptors- Aepidermis
- Bpressure
- Cdermal papillae
- Dlight touch
- Edeep in the skin
- Fdeep pressure
- Gdermis
- Hstretch
34Proprioception:
- sense of body's [blank_start]position[blank_end], [blank_start]movement[blank_end] & [blank_start]orientation[blank_end] in space
- sensory info from [blank_start]muscles[blank_end], [blank_start]tendons[blank_end], [blank_start]joints[blank_end]
- maintain [blank_start]balance[blank_end], coordinate [blank_start]movement[blank_end], [blank_start]muscle[blank_end] tone- Aposition
- Bmovement
- Corientation
- Dmuscles
- Etendons
- Fjoints
- Gbalance
- Hmovement
- Imuscle
35[blank_start]Muscle spindle[blank_end]:
a) sensitive to muscle changes
b) located within muscle belly
c) provide info about position and movement of the body
[blank_start]Golgi tendon organs[blank_end]:
a) located at junction of muscle tendons
b) provide info about the force of muscle
c) helps to regulate muscle tension
[blank_start]Free nerve endings[blank_end]:
a) sensory receptors throughout the body
b) sensitive to pain, pressure, temperature
c) provide info about tissue damage- AMuscle spindle
- BGolgi tendon organs
- CFree nerve endings
36Trigeminothalamic nuclei is a set of [blank_start]nerve fibers[blank_end] that carry sensory info from [blank_start]CNV[blank_end] --> [blank_start]thalamus[blank_end]
- Anerve fibers
- BCNV
- Cthalamus
37The deep cerebellar nuclei has 6 pairs
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
38The 4 pairs of deep cerebellar nuclei:
1) [blank_start]Dentate[blank_end]: located in [blank_start]lat. hemisphere of cerebellum[blank_end] --> [blank_start]motor planning[blank_end] & [blank_start]coordination of limb movements[blank_end]
2) [blank_start]Globose[blank_end]: located in [blank_start]medial hemisphere[blank_end] --> [blank_start]coordination[blank_end] and [blank_start]motion learning[blank_end]
3) [blank_start]Fastingial[blank_end]: located in [blank_start]midline of cereb.[blank_end] --> [blank_start]balance[blank_end], [blank_start]posture[blank_end], [blank_start]eye movement[blank_end]
4) [blank_start]Emboliform[blank_end]: located in [blank_start]intermediate zone[blank_end] --> [blank_start]coordination of limb movement[blank_end]- ADentate
- BGlobose
- CFastingial
- DEmboliform
- Elat. hemisphere of cerebellum
- Fmedial hemisphere
- Gmidline of cereb.
- Hintermediate zone
- Icoordination of limb movement
- Jbalance
- Kposture
- Leye movement
- Mcoordination
- Nmotion learning
- Omotor planning
- Pcoordination of limb movements
39Basal ganglia is a number of masses of grey matter near the base of each hemisphere.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
40Basal ganglia (part 2):
- [blank_start]Corpus striatum[blank_end] --> grey matter in lateral ventricle
- [blank_start]Substantia nigra[blank_end] --> degeneration of dopaminergic neurons --> Parkinson disease- ACorpus striatum
- BSubstantia nigra
41Provide the functions of the basal ganglia:
- Afacilitate purposeful movements
- Binhibit unwanted movements
- Chelp in maintaining posture and muscle tone
- Dsupport the corticospinal tract
- Ereceive signals from bronci
42The retinal ganglion cells can be "on-centre", "isometric", and "off-centre"
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
43Retinal ganglion cells:
a) can be [blank_start]"on-centre"[blank_end] --> light in centre activates them & light in surrounding inhibits them
b) [blank_start]"off-centre"[blank_end] --> a dark spot in centre activates them & darkness in surrounding inhibits them- A"on-centre"
- B"off-centre"
44Classification of retinal cells:
- parasal to magnocellular layers
- midget to parvocellular layers
- both can be on & off centre- ARichtig
- BFalsch
45Primary visual cortex:
i) surrounds the [blank_start]calcanine sulcus[blank_end] in [blank_start]occipital[blank_end] cortex
ii) Broadmann's area 17
iii) [blank_start]striated cortex[blank_end] --> myelinated fibers in layer [blank_start]IV[blank_end] = [blank_start]line of Gennari[blank_end]
iv) [blank_start]lower[blank_end] visual field --> projected to [blank_start]upper[blank_end] gyrus
[blank_start]upper[blank_end] visual field --> projected to [blank_start]lower[blank_end] gyrus
v) [blank_start]macula[blank_end] --> projects to posterio pole
vi) - area 18 --> [blank_start]colour[blank_end]
- area 19 --> [blank_start]orientation[blank_end]
- area 20 --> [blank_start]faces[blank_end]
vii) [blank_start]blood[blank_end] supply --> post./middle cerebral art.- Acalcanine sulcus
- Boccipital
- Cstriated cortex
- DIV
- Eline of Gennari
- Flower
- Gupper
- Hupper
- Ilower
- Jmacula
- Kcolour
- Lorientation
- Mfaces
- Nblood
46Lateral geniculate nucleus:
- layers [blank_start]1[blank_end], [blank_start]4[blank_end], [blank_start]6[blank_end] --> info crossed from the opposite eye
- layers [blank_start]2[blank_end], [blank_start]3[blank_end], [blank_start]5[blank_end] --> receive uncrossed fibers- A1
- B4
- C6
- D2
- E3
- F5
47[blank_start]Inner ear[blank_end]:
- [blank_start]labyrinths[blank_end], [blank_start]cochlear[blank_end], [blank_start]semicircular canals[blank_end]
- transduces a mechanical into electrical signal
[blank_start]External ear[blank_end]:
- [blank_start]pinna[blank_end]
- [blank_start]reception of sound waves[blank_end]
[blank_start]Middle ear[blank_end]:
- [blank_start]ossicles[blank_end]
- [blank_start]sound amplifications[blank_end]- AInner ear
- Blabyrinths
- Ccochlear
- Dsemicircular canals
- EExternal ear
- Fpinna
- Greception of sound waves
- HMiddle ear
- Iossicles
- Jsound amplifications
48Organ of Corti & hair cells
[blank_start]Outer[blank_end] hair cells:
- 3-5 ranks from [blank_start]base[blank_end] to [blank_start]apex[blank_end]
- in contact with [blank_start]tectorial membane[blank_end]
- fine tuning through [blank_start]length changes[blank_end]
[blank_start]Inner[blank_end] hair cells:
- single row
- not in contact with [blank_start]TM[blank_end]
- primary contributor to afferent to [blank_start]brain[blank_end]- AOuter
- BInner
- Cbase
- Dapex
- Etectorial membane
- Flength changes
- GTM
- Hbrain
49[blank_start]Superior olivary nucleus[blank_end] & nucleus of lateral [blank_start]lemniscus[blank_end] --> sound [blank_start]localisation[blank_end] & relays for [blank_start]stapedial[blank_end] and tensor tympani reflexes
- ASuperior olivary nucleus
- Blemniscus
- Clocalisation
- Dstapedial
50Damage to [blank_start]Broca's[blank_end] area: difficulty in [blank_start]producing language[blank_end]
Damage to [blank_start]Wernicke's[blank_end] area: difficulty in [blank_start]comprehending language[blank_end]- ABroca's
- BWernicke's
- Cproducing language
- Dcomprehending language
51Sound:
- [blank_start]vertical[blank_end] sound --> uses pinna & external ear
- [blank_start]horizontal[blank_end] sound
i) [blank_start]temporal[blank_end] summation (<3kHz): medial superior olivary nucleus
ii) [blank_start]intensity[blank_end] summation (>3kHz): lat. superior olivary nucleus- Avertical
- Bhorizontal
- Ctemporal
- Dintensity
52[blank_start]Reticular nucleus[blank_end] --> thin layer of grey matter - on lat. surf of thalamus that sends inhibitory fibers to all thalamic nuclei
[blank_start]Intralam. nuclei[blank_end] --> arousal from sleep, pain sensation
[blank_start]Ventral nuclei[blank_end]:
i) [blank_start]ventral posterior[blank_end] = relay for somatosensation
ii) [blank_start]ventral lateral & anterior[blank_end] = relay in cerebellar & basal ganglia
iii) [blank_start]ventral geniculate body[blank_end] = relay for vision
iv) [blank_start]medial geniculate body[blank_end] = relay for audition- AReticular nucleus
- BIntralam. nuclei
- CVentral nuclei
- Dventral posterior
- Eventral lateral & anterior
- Fventral geniculate body
- Gmedial geniculate body
53Communication with somatosensory cortex:
i) [blank_start]ventroposterior lateral nucleus[blank_end] receives sens. info via: media & spinal lemniscus
ii) [blank_start]medial lemniscus[blank_end] --> info about [blank_start]touch[blank_end], [blank_start]press. from limbs - trunk[blank_end]
iii) [blank_start]spinal lemniscus[blank_end] --> info about [blank_start]pain[blank_end] and [blank_start]temperature[blank_end]
iv) located in postcentral gyrus of [blank_start]parietal lobe[blank_end]- Amedial lemniscus
- Bspinal lemniscus
- Cparietal lobe
- Dtouch
- Epress. from limbs - trunk
- Fpain
- Gtemperature
- Hventroposterior lateral nucleus
54- [blank_start]Mediodorsal nucleus[blank_end] --> emotional responses / hypothalam
- [blank_start]Anteriol & lateral nucleus[blank_end] --> memory / instrictive behaviour / limbic system
- [blank_start]Intralaminar lucleus[blank_end] --> conciousness & alertness
- [blank_start]Preganglionic symp. neurons[blank_end] --> found in lat. horn (T1-L2)
- [blank_start]Symp. NS - adrenergic system[blank_end] --> post. gangl. fibers liberate adrenaline- AMediodorsal nucleus
- BAnteriol & lateral nucleus
- CIntralaminar lucleus
- DPreganglionic symp. neurons
- ESymp. NS - adrenergic system
55[blank_start]Grey rami[blank_end] communicantes:
- contains [blank_start]unmyelinated[blank_end] axons of postganglionic axons --> supply blood vessels, sweat glands
[blank_start]White rami[blank_end] communicantes:
- contains [blank_start]myelinated[blank_end] axons of preganglionic axons- AGrey rami
- Bunmyelinated
- CWhite rami
- Dmyelinated
56Preganglionic symp. fibers:
1) enter symp. chain, [blank_start]ascend[blank_end] & synapse
2) enter the [blank_start]ganglion[blank_end] & synapse at the same level
3) enter symp. chain, [blank_start]descend[blank_end] & synapse
4) pass through symp. chain [blank_start]without[blank_end] synapsing- Aascend
- Bganglion
- Cdescend
- Dwithout
57Parasympathetic nerves (near the organs they innervate) --> CN III, VII, IX, X, & S2,3,4. Is this true?
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
58Enteric NS --> pregangl. parasymp. & postgangl. symp. axons
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
59ANS
i) [blank_start]Preganglionic[blank_end] neurons --> are in [blank_start]sp. cord[blank_end] or brainstem and they release [blank_start]acetylcholine (Arc)[blank_end]
ii) [blank_start]Postganglionic[blank_end] neurons --> located in [blank_start]ganglia[blank_end] and they release [blank_start]noradrenaline[blank_end]- APreganglionic
- BPostganglionic
- Cganglia
- Dsp. cord
- Eacetylcholine (Arc)
- Fnoradrenaline
60Hypothalamus control --> body temp. satiery, [blank_start]H2O intake[blank_end]. Also receive afferents from: [blank_start]cortex[blank_end], [blank_start]hippocampus[blank_end], amygdala, [blank_start]brainstem[blank_end]
- AH2O intake
- Bcortex
- Chippocampus
- Dbrainstem
61Visceral afferents are cell bodies located in dorsal root ganglia & CN X, XI ganglia.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
62Epithalamus --> stria medullaris thalami, habenular nuclei, posterior commissure & pineal gland
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
63Where does the axon growth occur?
It occurs at the [blank_start]distal tip of axons[blank_end] where it is expanded to form the [blank_start]growth cone[blank_end]- Adistal tip of axons
- Bgrowth cone
64Neurites are extensions from the cell body of a [blank_start]neuron[blank_end]
- Aneuron
65[blank_start]Growth cones[blank_end] are located at the tips of neurites and are responsible for sensing & responding to [blank_start]guidance[blank_end] cues
- AGrowth cones
- Bguidance
66[blank_start]Actin filaments[blank_end] are responsible for generating the force required for neurite extension
[blank_start]Microtubules[blank_end] provide tracks for transport of materials to growth cones
[blank_start]Intra-cellular regulation[blank_end] --> involves signaling pathways that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics & protein synthesis
[blank_start]Extra-cellular regulation[blank_end] --> involves the interaction between growth cone - guidance cues (e.g. netrin)
[blank_start]Contact mechanisms[blank_end] --> physical interactions between growth cone & its environment (binding of growth cone to ECM)
[blank_start]Non-contact[blank_end] --> diffusion of soluble guidance cues in ECM (secretion of chemoattractants)- AActin filaments
- BMicrotubules
- CIntra-cellular regulation
- DExtra-cellular regulation
- EContact mechanisms
- FNon-contact
67Circuit of paper: --> [blank_start]cingulum[blank_end] (white matter forms part of circuit)
- Includes: [blank_start]hippocampus[blank_end], [blank_start]formix[blank_end], mamillary body, ant. thalamic nuclei, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyri
- Closed circuit linking the hippocampus with [blank_start]cingulate[blank_end] cortex
- In order for new long-term declarative memories to be acquired, the circuit of paper must be intact in one hemisphere- Acingulum
- Bhippocampus
- Cformix
- Dcingulate
68Formix:
- White matter struct. connecting the [blank_start]hippocampus[blank_end] to mammilary bodies and septal area.
- consists of: [blank_start]crura[blank_end] --> arch upwards and anteromedial --> body --> crura join to form the body, which travels anterior to 3rd ventricle
- learning an association between name-face = intact hippocampus
- also, [blank_start]recalling[blank_end] the memory after it's acquired- Ahippocampus
- Bcrura
- Crecalling
69Hypothalamus:
main integrator of the [blank_start]autonomic[blank_end] & [blank_start]endocrine[blank_end] systems.
Receives inpit from: [blank_start]hippocampus[blank_end], visceral afferents, septal area, [blank_start]somatosensory afferents[blank_end], olfactory system
Efferent of hypoth. reach:
- [blank_start]anterior thalamus[blank_end] (mamillothalamic fasciculus)
- vagal nuclei ([blank_start]parasymp.[blank_end])
- interomediolat. cell column of sp. cord ([blank_start]sympathetic[blank_end])
- [blank_start]sacral[blank_end] autonomic nucleus (parasymp.)
[blank_start]Posterior hypoth.[blank_end] --> sympath. / [blank_start]Anterior hypoth.[blank_end] --> parasymp.- Aautonomic
- Bendocrine
- Chippocampus
- Dsomatosensory afferents
- Eanterior thalamus
- Fparasymp.
- Gsympathetic
- Hsacral
- IPosterior hypoth.
- JAnterior hypoth.
70Amygdala:
- near [blank_start]temporal[blank_end] pole, deep to parahippocampal gyrus at the level of [blank_start]uncus[blank_end]
- inputs --> olfactory bulb, temp. cortex, [blank_start]septum[blank_end], thalamus, [blank_start]brainstem[blank_end]
- outputs --> [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end] & [blank_start]septum[blank_end] via stria terminals
- [blank_start]dorsomedial[blank_end] --> receives olfactory inputs
- [blank_start]ventrolateral[blank_end] --> behaviour & emotion / stimulation of this region cause feelings (fear, anger)- Atemporal
- Buncus
- Cseptum
- Dbrainstem
- Ehypothalamus
- Fseptum
- Gdorsomedial
- Hventrolateral
71Olfactory epithelium --> pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells. True or false?
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
72Reticular formation:
- located in [blank_start]brainstem[blank_end]
- involved in [blank_start]sleep[blank_end], breathing, heart rate
- contain: [blank_start]cholinergic[blank_end], noradrenergic, dopaminergic neurons
- damage leads to: coma, [blank_start]sleep[blank_end] & move disorders- Abrainstem
- Bsleep
- Ccholinergic
- Dsleep
73Neurotransmitters:
1) Excitatory: [blank_start]glutamate[blank_end]
2) Inhibitory:
- gamma-aminobutyric acid
- [blank_start]glycine[blank_end] --> found in sp. cord- Aglutamate
- Bglycine
74Insert the sources for the following:
Dopamine:
1) [blank_start]substantia nigra[blank_end]
2) [blank_start]ventral tegmental area[blank_end] --> mesolimbic - mesocortical
Noradrenaline:
1) [blank_start]locus coeruleus[blank_end] in the [blank_start]pons[blank_end]
2) fibers from locus coeruleus project via ventr. tegmental & distributed via [blank_start]thalamus[blank_end], hypoth., limbic, cereb. cortex
Serotonin:
1) [blank_start]midline raphe nuclei[blank_end]- Asubstantia nigra
- Bventral tegmental area
- Clocus coeruleus
- Dpons
- Ethalamus
- Fmidline raphe nuclei
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- 9th grade Anatomy Quiz am Anatomy Learning Tool, erstellt von Dimitris Zavitsanos am 17/02/2023.
- Autor
- Dimitris Zavitsanos
- Sprache
- English
- Aufrufe
- 4
- Schlagwörter
- Bewertung
- Noch keine Bewertungen Bewerte dieses Quiz