CCP2 Facial growth and development (CF 15)

Which of the following is correct?

The cervical vertebrae are used to anticipate maximum growth of the mandible. Cervical stage 3 is the point at which the bodies of C3/4 are rectangular but the others are square shaped.

Julian Singer's third stage marks the onset of puberty and is indicated by calcification of the ulnar sesamoid bone. The end of growth is marked by fusion of the epiphysis and diaphysis of the radial and ulnar bones.

In females, the mandible typically stops growing between the age of 18-19. In males, the mandible typically stops growing between the age of 15-16.

The dental and skeletal ages may not match the chronological age. Skeletal age may be taken from radiographs of the hand and wrist, cervical vertebrae, and frontal sinus.

Transverse maxillary treatments are more dentoalveolar if performed before peak skeletal growth velocity. The expansion is more pronounced at the skeletal level if done during peak skeletal growth velocity.

The best window of opportunity for maxillary expansion is before the onset of puberty. The optimal window of opportunity for mandibular growth is during the peak skeletal growth velocity because the condylar growth is accelerated.