581270
Frage 1
Frage
The concept that describes opening a window into unfamiliar worlds that allows us to understand human behavior by placing it within its broader social context is called....
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Sociological perspective (or imagination)
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Social location
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Social integration
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The social imperative
Frage 2
Frage
When sociologists group people into categories bases on their age, gender, educational level, job, income, they are trying to determine.....
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Social network
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Social location
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social personality
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social skills
Frage 3
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The sociological perspective emphasizes how the social context influences people's lives, particularly how people are influenced by....
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random chance events
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geographical location
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inherited genetic structure
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society
Frage 4
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The notion that only the fittest members of society deserve to survive and that social programs to help the poor will ultimately weaken the social order is a doctrine known as....
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Social Darwinism
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positivism
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post-modern
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social welfare
Frage 5
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The term "survival of the fittest." Which is a principle part of the concept of social Darwinism was coined by...
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Charles Darwin
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Talcott Parsons
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August Comte
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Herbert Spencer
Frage 6
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The first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard University, who spent his lifetime studying race relations in America and was one of the founders of the NAACP was...
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W.E.B. Du Bois
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Booker T. Washington
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George Washington Carver
Frage 7
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Mark views society as a system of interrelated parts, while John views society as composed of groups competing for scarce resources. Mark would be considered a (n)______ and John would be seen as a (an) __________
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Symbolic interactionist; functionalist
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applied sociologist; functionalist
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basic sociologist; applied sociologist
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functionalist; conflict theorist
Frage 8
Frage
According to Robert Merton, ____ are the intended beneficial consequences of people's actions.
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latent functions
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manifest dysfunctions
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manifest functions
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latent dysfunctions
Frage 9
Frage
Language, beliefs, values, norms, behavior, material objects, and technology that are passed from one generation to the next by members of society describe_______.
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Culture
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Tradition
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Science
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Experience
Frage 10
Frage
Sociologists use the concept of "norms" to describe ________.
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Standards by which people define what is socially desirable
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Expressions of disapproval for violating socially acceptable behavior.
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Ideas about what is true or false
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Expectations or rules of behavior that develop from values
Frage 11
Frage
When a group has a distinctive away of looking at life, but at the same time its values and norms reflect the dominant culture of its society, the group would be considered a (n) ____.
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Counterculture
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Example of cultural relativism
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Example of cultural diffusion
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Subculture
Frage 12
Frage
The sociologist who identified ten underlying core values of American society was _____.
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Michael Burawoy
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Edward Wilson
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Robin Williams
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John Jacob Natzke
Frage 13
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The spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another refers to _____.
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folkways
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cultural leveling
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values
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cultural universals
Frage 14
Frage
Within a few blocks in midtown Manhattan, you can purchase a bagel with cream cheese, a hot dog, a steak, a polish sausage, or a pizza, as well as chow mein, lamb curry, sushi, lasagna, felafels, chicken couscous, enchiladas, and a host of ethnic specialties. This range of culinary possibilities illustrates the process of ______.
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cultural absolution
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cultural discovery
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cultural diffusion
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cultural innovation
Frage 15
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In the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding socialization, the nurture" component refers to _____.
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Heredity
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The social environment
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instinct
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genetic composition
Frage 16
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What concept do sociologists refer to when they say that " society makes us human"?
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Stratification
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Psychoanalysis
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Cultural tradition
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Socialization
Frage 17
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The process by which we develop a sense of self, referred to as the " looking glass self", was developed by _____.
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George Herbert Mead
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William I. Thomas
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Charles Horton Cooley
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Robert K. Merton
Frage 18
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The symbolic interactionist who taught at the University of Chicago and stressed that play was crucial to develpment of the concept of self was _________.
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Charles Horton Cooley
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Lester Ward
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George Herbert Mead
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Talcott Parsons
Frage 19
Frage
According to Piaget, the stage of development that is dominated by touching, listening, looking, and the inability to recognize cause and effect is the ______ stage.
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Formal operational
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Preoperational
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Sensorimotor
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Concrete operational
Frage 20
Frage
In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the stage in which the child has no sense of right or wrong and only personal needs is satisfied is the _______ stage.
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Amoral
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Preconventional
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Conventional
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Postconventional
Frage 21
Frage
In Freud's theory, what part of the personality represents the pleasure seeking aspect, demanding immediate fulfillment of basic needs such as attention, food, safety, and sex?
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the id
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the ego
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the superego
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the libido
Frage 22
Frage
People and groups that influence our orientation ___ our self-concepts, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors- are called _______.
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Total institutions
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Generalized others
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Agents of socialization
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out-groups
Frage 23
Frage
What term applies to the stages that people pass from birth to death, beginning with "childhood" and concluding with " the older years"?
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Rites of Passage
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Life theme
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The life course
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stages of development
Frage 24
Frage
Another term used for the stage of development called transitional adulthood, which is between the ages of 18 and 29 is ____.
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The middle years
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Adultolescence
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The sandwich generation
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Mid-life crisis
Frage 25
Frage
In Amsterdam, a 21-year-old prostitute is scantily clothed, exhibiting her attributes in a storefront, smiling at potential patrons as they walk by. Based on this mental image, which statement best describes what is in progress?
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This is an example of social interaction
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a misdemeanor is being committed
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The prostitute is guilty of indecent exposure
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This is a classic example of macrosociology
Frage 26
Frage
What two sociological perspectives are most linked to macrosociology?
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symbolic interactionism and functionalism
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functionalism and the conflict perspective
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the conflict perspective and symbolic interactionism
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symbolic interactionism and feminism
Frage 27
Frage
Which sociological perspective is most linked to microsociology
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the conflict perspective
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structural functionalism
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symbolic interactionism
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the feminist perspective
Frage 28
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John and Doug are both full professors in a state university, holding doctorate degrees from Ivy League schools. Both make about the same salary and enjoy a similar sense of prestige in the community and on campus. Based only on this information, what do John and Doug have in common?
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They share the same social location in all respects
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they have identical social roles
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They are members of the same social class
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they share a great deal of social solidarity
Frage 29
Frage
What are the three primary variable in determining social class?
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race, sex, residence
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income, education, and occupational prestige
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race, sex, income
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income, education, sex
Frage 30
Frage
Jane is a 49-year-old woman of Irish-German descent. What do these characteristics have in common?
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These are examples of her ascribed statuses
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these are examples of her achieved statuses
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these are part of her master status
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these characteristics are examples of status inconsistency
Frage 31
Frage
A position in society that cuts across other statuses a person holds, such as being a high-ranking army officer, a college president, or a handicapped Olympian, would be considered that person's _____
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ascribed status
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social status
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master status
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status set
Frage 32
Frage
Which of the following least qualified as a social institution?
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a neighborhood street gang
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a family
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a religious group
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a military unit
Frage 33
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The social institution that is most recognized for allocating power, determining authority, and preventing chaos is _______.
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military
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politics
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law
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education
Frage 34
Frage
As societies grow larger, they divide work among members based on some standardized characteristics such as age or sex. This is referred to as _______.
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social solidarity
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social imperative
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division of labor
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class structure
Frage 35
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Mechanical solidarity is to Gemeinshaft as _________ solidarity is to Gesellshaft.
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organic
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tribal
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folk
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natural
Frage 36
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Anthony, a retired Army officer, is a professor of sociology at a small state university. During the Vietnam War, he was awarded the Medal of Honor and he usually wears a small ribbon on the lapel of his suit coat denoting this. He also wears his West Point ring from the class of 1965. Using the terminology of dramaturgy, the lapel pin and lass ring would be classified as ______.
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Stages
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Background assumptions
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role performances
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props
Frage 37
Frage
A face-saving technique in which all parties involved in an embarrassing situation ignore it and continue their conversation or interaction as though the embarrassing situation never happened is referred to as _______.
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redefining the situation
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teamwork
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studied nonobservance
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impression management
Frage 38
Frage
If people define a situation as real, they are real in the consequences. This statement is known as the ______.
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Peter principle
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Thomas theorem
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Ouchi principle
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Garfinkel theorem
Frage 39
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A statement that describes how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from a theory, is known as a _______.
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correlation
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hypotheses
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secondary prediction
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primary function
Frage 40
Frage
Every research method has its drawbacks. Which method often leads the current researcher to question the manner in which the data were gathered, the accuracy of the data, and the training of the original researcher?
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Secondary analysis
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Participant observation
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Experiments
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interviews
Frage 41
Frage
When Peter Rossi and the National Opinion Research Center studied the homeless, it was necessary for them to develop a practical and accurate description to determine exactly what constituted being homeless. This description would be classified as a (n) ______.
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research objective
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hypothesis
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operational definition
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correlation
Frage 42
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Matthew is completing his master's thesis, which addresses the culture of outlaw motorcycle gangs. For the past six months, he has been riding with the gang, observing and describing behaviors in an attempt to present a view of these groups from a gang members perspective. Like Mario Brajuha, he is determined to keep the identities of his subjects confidential. Which research method is Matthew employing?
Antworten
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a case study
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documentary
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participant observation
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unobtrusive measures
Frage 43
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The term "_________" refers to the extent to which different studies come up with similar results.
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Validity
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Replication
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Reliability
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duplication
Frage 44
Frage
In research, to generalize one's findings to a total population, what is the most important quality that the sample must possess?
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It must include at least 25% of the total population
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it must be representative of the total population
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it must consist of people who are selected and people who volunteer
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it must be quantitative in order to make comparisons
Frage 45
Frage
What is defining characteristic of a random sample?
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It consists of an equal number of men and women
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it is created by asking questions of people who randomly happen to walk by
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It gives each person in the population of interest an equal chance of being chosen
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it ensures that every person in the sample represents a specific racial, gender, or religious group
Frage 46
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What is the major problem with using participant observation as a research tool?
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It often leads to finding a lack of generalizability
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It is unacceptable based on standards of the American Sociological Association
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it lacks both validity and reliability
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it is highly biased
Frage 47
Frage
What are three qualities on which research ethics is based?
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rapport, generalizability, validity
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honesty, truth, openness
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random sample, observation, fieldwork
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consistency, accuracy, clarity
Frage 48
Frage
What term best applies to people who share culture and a territory?
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a society
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a bureaucracy
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an aggregate
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a category
Frage 49
Frage
Although it is the most egalitarian, what was the one social division common to all hunting and gathering societies?
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Class differences based on relation ship to the means of production
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Prestige based on male labor
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Social class based on accumulated property
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Social stratification based on race
Frage 50
Frage
What was the impetus for the first social revolution?
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the domestication of plants and animals
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the invention of steam engine
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the invention of the plow
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the establishment of cities
Frage 51
Frage
The "dawn of civilization" is the most associated with which social revolution?
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domestication
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agriculture
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industrialization information
Frage 52
Frage
Why did the creation of the industrial society lead to greater social inequality?
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Class differences were minimized which created greater opportunity.
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The new technology was far more efficient than anything that preceded it, leading to larger surpluses and greater inequality
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Democracies replace monarchies and dictatorships encouraged capitalism.
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Intellectual capability increased with advances in science and technology
Frage 53
Frage
Which was the first nation to have an excess of 50% of its workforce in the service industries?
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The United States
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Germany
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Japan
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China
Frage 54
Frage
Some social analysts believe that postindustrial society will be followed by a biotech society. Such a society would be characterized by _____.
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a greater respect for the environment
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the merging of work and leisure activity
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an economy centering around application of genetic structures
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The elimination of fossil fuels
Frage 55
Frage
A group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation is referred to as a ________.
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secondary group
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clique
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primary group
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community
Frage 56
Frage
______are the social ties that radiate outward from the self and link people together.
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Cyber socialization
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Secondary societies
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Social networks
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electronic communities
Frage 57
Frage
Who conducted the classic experiment addressing the power of peer pressure that included six stooges and one actual test subject viewing cards with lines of varying length?
Antworten
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Stanley Milgram
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Robert Merton
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Philip Zimbardo
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Solomon Asch
Frage 58
Frage
What did Stanley Milgram's teacher-learner experiment demonstrate?
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A substantial number of people will inflict pain on others if ordered to do so by a person in a position of authority
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Most people conform to social norms, even when told to deviate from them by persons in authority
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Group conformity is the most important social relationship people seek to achieve
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Individualism is among the most cherished personal qualities one can possess
Frage 59
Frage
In group decision making, a form of tunnel vision that develops in which there is only one "right" viewpoint and suggested alternatives are perceived as signs of disloyalty is called _____.
Antworten
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brainwashing
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groupthink
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mental programming
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group polarization
Frage 60
Frage
Sociologists usually embrace Freudian theory on personality development because of its universal acceptance among social sciences.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 61
Frage
Parents are the first significant others to teach children about the fundamental symbolic division of the world.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 62
Frage
Gender serves as the primary basis for social inequality.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 63
Frage
Social class, gender, race and ethnicity are aspects of one's life into the category of social location
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 64
Frage
Because of the power of peers and social institutions, we are all prisoners of socializtion
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 65
Frage
Conflict theorists and functionalists would most likely focus on things as social class and group relationships and would use the macrosociological approach.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 66
Frage
Ascribed status is involuntary and achieved status is voluntary.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 67
Frage
When an instrument measures what it is intended to measure, it is considered to possess the quality of reliability
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 68
Frage
The individuals that are inteded to represent the population to be studied are referred to as the sample
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 69
Frage
One of the liabilities in using the participant observation as a research method is that findings are difficult to generalize
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 70
Frage
In hunting and gathering societies, men routinely contributed the most food to the group
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 71
Frage
Inequality did not become a fundamental feature of life in society until the industrial revolution
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 72
Frage
The industrial revolution began in Great Britain in 1765 when the steam engine was first used to run machinery
Antworten
- True
- False
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