Quiz
SCR1-3
Fragen in diesem Quiz (48)
1Which of the following is not true of the Sand Brothers described at the beginning of Chapter 1?
- AAs teens, their contact with adults was minimal.
- BThey aggressively chased and killed a police officer.
- CThey suffered brain damage as children.
- DThey were of mixed race.
2In July 2007, Conrad Black was convicted on four charges and acquitted on nine others. What did Black’s sentence consist of?
- AA fine issued by an American court.
- BA fine issued by a Canadian court.
- CA prison sentence in a Canadian prison.
- DA prison sentence in an American prison.
3Which of the following cases would not be examined within the discipline of criminology?
- AA civil lawsuit filed by one corporation against another for copyright infringement.
- BTwo teenagers caught breaking into homes.
- CThe abduction of a child by one divorced parent who does not have custody over that child.
- DThe theft of supplies from a private sector corporation.
4The textbook identifies three reasons for studying crime. Which of the following is not among these reasons?
- ACrime affects all of us, either directly or indirectly.
- BBy studying crime we will be able to establish the single causal factor that leads to crime.
- CUnderstanding crime may help us reduce it.
- DLearning about crime is intrinsically worthwhile.
5Which of the following best reflects the relationship between the media and the perceptions of Canadians about crime?
- AStories Canadians share about crime largely come from the police.
- BStories on television, news and other media have little impact on Canadians’ understanding of crime.
- CStories on crime in the media often provide an inaccurate and distorted picture of crime, on which Canadians tend to basis their own understanding.
- DStories about Canadians’ experiences with crime as seldom discussed in the media.
6Which of the following is not one of the six major areas of criminology?
- AMunicipal bylaws.
- BOrigins and role of law.
- CSocial distribution of crime.
- DDefinition of crime and criminals.
7Which of the following is the textbook definition of the concept of “norms”?
- AInformal rules established by a government.
- BEstablished rules of behaviour or standards of conduct.
- CThe culmination of regulations and laws established within a society.
- DFormal rules established by a government.
8What do criminologists refer to as “established rules of behaviour or standards of conduct”?
- ALaws.
- BValues.
- CSanctions.
- DNorms.
9Which of the following best characterizes the legal definition of crime?
- AAn act that violates the commonly accepted norms and values of a society.
- BA societal consensus about what constitutes a harm.
- CAn act that is punishable with fines and other forms of government penalties.
- DAn act that violates criminal law and is punishable with jail, a fine or other sanction.
10Which of the following scenarios would best be classified as a white–collar crime?
- AThe embezzlement of funds from a company by an employee.
- BA lawsuit for copyright infringement filed by one corporation against another.
- CThe shoplifting of retail goods by a group of teenagers who frequent a mall.
- DThe bankruptcy of a company, which leaves shareholders penniless.
11Which of the following definitions of crime best captures a scenario in which government policy serves to punish the lower class?
- AA legal definition of crime.
- BA social consensus definition of crime.
- CA class conflict approach
- DAn expanded definition including white–collar crime.
12Eric is serving time for manslaughter, while his brother Michael is serving his country overseas at war. They have both killed people, yet Eric is labelled a “murderer,” while Michael is considered a “hero.” What does this illustrate?
- ACrime is morally defined.
- BCrime is legally defined.
- CCrime is personally defined.
- DCrime is socially defined
13Which of the following best defines the consensus theory of criminal laws?
- AAn agreement among police as to what constitutes a crime.
- BAn agreement among lawmakers as to what constitutes a crime.
- CAn agreement as to which new types of crimes (e.g., animal cruelty, terrorism) should be analyzed through the discipline of criminology.
- DAn agreement of most of the people in society that certain acts should be prohibited by the criminal law.
14Which of the following do conflict theorists believe?
- ALaw is simply a codification of the values shared by most members of a society.
- BCriminology should study not just actions that violate the criminal law but also actions that are socially harmful.
- CActions that violate the basic right of people to obtain the necessities of life and to be treated with dignity should be considered crimes.
- DThe ruling class passes laws to maintain their privileged position by keeping the lower class under control.
15Which of the following is not one of the new branches of criminology discussed in the textbook?
- APatterns of crime.
- BTerrorism studies.
- CSurveillance studies.
- DGreen criminology.
16Which of the following is true from a historical perspective?
- AAll societies have had to develop a moral order along with laws to retrain their members.
- BSome societies fail to develop a moral order or any kind of laws.
- CAll societies have had to develop laws, but not all societies have had to develop a moral order.
- DAll societies have had to develop a moral order, but not all societies have developed laws.
17Which of the following is a common factor in dispute resolution processes for both small–scale societies and complex industrial societies?
- AThey are both based on some form of moral order.
- BIn both, influence is determined by personal attributes, not accumulation of goods.
- CThey are both community–based.
- DThey both entail a central role of the state.
18In the opening pages of Chapter 2, Lenski (1966) classifies the history of societies into hunting and gathering, pastoral, horticultural, agricultural, and industrial societies. Which of the following was the central factor in how Lenski differentiated these societies?
- APower relations within the society.
- BThe degree to which political structures are organized.
- CThe mode of production.
- DThe degree of social stratification.
19All of the following typically characterize hunting and gathering societies except one. Which is the exception?
- ASocial bonding resting on similar beliefs and values.
- BShared activities, cooperation, and ties of kinship.
- CHighly centralized structure for decision making.
- DStrong collective solidarity.
20Which of the following best describes why there was such a strong need for self–restraint in small–scale societies?
- AMembers needed to share the goods they accumulated.
- BWhen individuals did not restrain their behaviours in such societies, they could be put to death.
- CSelf–restraint was reinforced by the strong political authorities in these societies.
- DTo prevent the breakdown of a working order in these societies.
21According to Newman, many disputes in hunting and gathering societies were fought over what was considered to be a highly valuable resource in that society. Which of the following was that valuable resource?
- AWater.
- BWomen.
- CChildren.
- DFire.
22In small–scale societies, which of the following was the primary method of addressing wrongs?
- AChieftainships.
- BSelf– or kin–based redress systems.
- CFormal laws.
- DElders’ councils.
23A member of a family seeks a settlement on behalf of a harmed family member. Which of the following dispute settlement systems in small–scale societies does this best represent?
- ASelf–based redress.
- BHunter–gatherer–based redress.
- CTribal–based redress.
- DKin–based redress.
24Which of the following was not cited in the textbook as a form of punishment in small–scale societies?
- APublic stoning.
- BOstracism.
- CShaming rituals.
- DPublic criticism.
25Which of the following scenarios best characterizes the advisor system of dispute settlement?
- AAdvisors acted as a moral authority within a small–scale society.
- BAdvisors were elected to this position by the rest of the society.
- CAdvisors were responsible for enforcing compliance with their decisions.
- DAdvisors made recommendations based on rules they made up.
26As societies evolved from hunting and gathering and became larger and more complex, which of the following was least likely to happen?
- ASome members generated a surplus of goods.
- BInequality and hierarchical power structures emerged.
- CThe concept of private property emerged.
- DThe mutual interdependence of group members began to increase.
27In which of the following dispute settlement mechanisms was the verdict imposed binding on the disputants?
- ASelf– or kin–based redress systems.
- BAdvisor systems.
- CElders’ councils.
- DMediator systems.
28Which of the following was a characteristic of elders’ councils as a form of dispute settlement?
- AElders often discussed their verdict with members of society prior to offering judgement.
- BMembership was dominated by members of the elite segments of society.
- CCouncil procedures were marked by a high degree of formality.
- DWomen and men were equally represented.
29Which of the following occurred as feudalism developed?
- AEach member was intimately involved with other members of the group.
- BSurplus food meant that everyone had a right to the results of collective labour.
- CNotions of individual responsibility replaced those of collective responsibility.
- DKin–based dispute settlement in the form of public criticism gained popularity.
30With the emergence of a centralized state under the Norman kings in England, which of the following characterized dispute settlement?
- AThe Crown was the injured party in a dispute.
- BIndividuals needed to pursue the prosecution of every crime.
- CCompensation was paid to the victims of crime.
- DDisputes were seen as violations against the victim.
31As far as dispute settlement is concerned, which of the following was an important consequence of the rise of the merchant class and the coalition between merchants and monarchs?
- AThe growth of commerce, money, and banking resulted in transactions governed by law instead of custom.
- BThe Crown enacted laws to keep merchants powerless and subservient to them.
- CMerchants resisted new laws because they obstructed their business operations.
- DThe transnational corporation was born, undermining existing national contract laws.
32Which of the following represents an ideal case study in how economic power in human societies has made it difficult to control the actions of those who have power?
- AThe rise of chiefdoms.
- BThe rise of transnational corporations.
- CThe rise of elders’ councils.
- DThe rise of the advisor system.
33According to the textbook, which of the following is not a major threat to state legitimacy and the rule of law?
- AEcocide – assaults on entire ecosystems.
- BThe growing popularity of restorative justice.
- CGrowing and extreme levels of inequality.
- DThe underregulated business practices of big corporations.
34Which of the following is the main source of criminal law in Canada?
- AThe Criminal Code.
- BThe Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.
- CThe Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
- DThe Youth Criminal Justice Act.
35In which of the following areas does the Canadian federal government have the exclusive jurisdiction to enact legislation?
- AHealth.
- BControlled drugs and substances.
- CEducation.
- DHunting and fishing.
36According to the Supreme Court of Canada, all but one of the following must be true for an act to be defined as a crime by Parliament’s constitutional power. Which is the exception?
- AThe majority of provinces and the federal government must agree on the prohibition and the penalty.
- BThere must be a penalty for violating that prohibition.
- CThere must be a prohibition against the conduct.
- DThe prohibition and penalty must be directed against a “public evil” or some form of behaviour that has an injurious effect on the Canadian public.
37The term criminal procedure includes all of the following except one. Which is the exception?
- ADefining the nature and scope of the power of criminal justice officials.
- BProvisions specifying the manner in which different categories of offences may be tried within the criminal court system.
- CGuidelines as to how, and under what conditions, Parliament and the provinces can agree on what constitutes a new crime.
- DSpecifying the available options in the prosecution of a criminal case.
38The Criminal Code specifies various types of assault based on the level of harm (simple assault, aggravated assault, assault causing bodily harm, etc.). Which of the following terms best describes this broad category of offence?
- AFelony.
- BHybrid.
- CCapital.
- DSummary.
39Which of the following does not distinguish a criminal law from a regulatory offence?
- AOne addresses “true crimes” while the other addresses less serious offences.
- BCriminal laws can proscribe penalties while regulatory laws cannot.
- CRegulatory offences do not constitute harms against society while criminal offences do.
- DThe provincial governments can enact regulatory laws but not criminal laws.
40To which of the following does “common law” refer?
- AThe Criminal Code of Canada.
- BJudge–made law that evolved in areas not covered by legislation.
- CLaws passed in Britain that still apply in post–colonial Canada.
- DLaws that apply only to non–government officials.
41According to the Supreme Court of Canada in the Mabior (2012) case, a criminal conviction requires that the Crown prove mens rea on the part of the defendant. In the context of criminal law, what does this Latin term refer to?
- AA culpable criminal act.
- BA conspiracy.
- CA true crime.
- DA guilty mind.
42In the context of criminal law, establishing actus reus and mens rea are important because they are:
- AThe fundamental elements that must be proven to convict someone of a criminal offence.
- BThe differences between criminal and regulatory offences.
- CActs that render a person guilty of an indictable offence.
- DThe two main sections of the Criminal Code.
43What defence was used by a person whose actions were proved to be involuntary?
- ASelf–defence.
- BAutomatism.
- CMistake of fact.
- DPenal negligence.
44“The accused knows that his or her conduct could cause certain prohibited consequences but deliberately proceeds with that conduct because he or she does not care one way or another.” Which of the following forms of subjective mens rea does this describe?
- ARecklessness.
- BNegligence.
- CAutomatism.
- DWillful blindness.
45A lawyer in Montreal was convicted of the Criminal Code offence of money laundering because he did not want his drug trafficking client to tell him how he accumulated the $500,000 in small bills, which reeked of marijuana and were handed over to him in a hockey bag. What legal concept best represents the circumstances of the lawyer’s conviction?
- AWillful blindness.
- BMistake of fact.
- CAutomatism.
- DNegligence.
46According to your textbook, what is the term used to describe the circumstances when a person attempts to bring about a crime but is unsuccessful in doing so?
- AA conspiracy offence.
- BAn indictable offence.
- CA summary offence.
- DAn inchoate offence.
47Which of the following is not considered a valid defence to a criminal charge?
- ANot criminally responsible.
- BDuress.
- CNecessity.
- DUnaware of the law.
48An accused was acquitted of theft because it was proven in a criminal court that his wife was threatened with murder if he did not commit the theft. What is the legal term used to describe this defence to a criminal charge?
- AProvocation.
- BNecessity.
- CUnaware of the law
- DDuress.
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- 1-3
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- Ab Cek
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