Bio 211 Final Exam

Fill in the blank for each function with its corresponding match. - [blank_start]Schwann Cell[blank_end]: myelin-producing neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system - [blank_start]Neuroglia[blank_end]: fill spaces, provide structure, produce myelin - [blank_start]Oligodendrocytes[blank_end]: form the myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord - [blank_start]Astrocytes[blank_end]: found between blood vessels and neurons. Fills scar tissue in brain, form BBB (blood brain barrier)

How is the RMP established and maintained?

Which of the following is true of the Goldman equation?

Which of the following is true of the Nernst equation?

Which of the following variable's change when new conditions are presented?

The process of starting/stopping an AP: [blank_start]Gated[blank_end] Na+ and K+ channels are closed, only [blank_start]leak[blank_end] channels are open. [blank_start]RMP[blank_end] is maintained and you need threshold before [blank_start]depolarization[blank_end] occurs in order for an [blank_start]AP[blank_end] to occur.

Match the term with its definition in respect to action potentials. - [blank_start]Depolarization[blank_end]: membrane becomes more positive away from the RMP - [blank_start]Re-polarization[blank_end]: membrane becomes more negative away from the RMP - [blank_start]Hyper-polarization[blank_end]: membrane becomes even more negative than the RMP

The role of the Na/K ATPase is to reset the chemical conditions in the RMP. After repolarization occurs the pump restores electrical conditions.

Label the diagram with is respective phases.

Fill in the blank to explain how one neuron signals to another once an AP reaches the axon terminal in the pre-synaptic neuron. An AP in the axon terminal causes [blank_start]voltage gated[blank_end] Ca+ channels to [blank_start]open[blank_end] and enter the cell. Ca+ inside the cell causes the [blank_start]synaptic vesicle[blank_end] to [blank_start]fuse[blank_end] with the membrane. Each has a certain amount of neurotransmitter released into the cleft. Neurotransmitter [blank_start]diffuses[blank_end] across the cleft. Neurotransmitter [blank_start]binds[blank_end] to receptors on the post synaptic neuron where it can act.

Which of the following is true of Iontropic NT receptors?

EPSP: leads to [blank_start]depolarization[blank_end] of the neuron. [blank_start]Excited[blank_end] the post synaptic neuron IPSP: leads to [blank_start]hyper-polarization[blank_end] of the neuron. [blank_start]Inhibits[blank_end] the post synaptic neuron

[blank_start]Spatial summation[blank_end]: simultaneous EPSP in different location - produces AP, EPSP & IPSP in different location - reduces chance of AP [blank_start]Temporal summation[blank_end]: rapid repeat of EPSP in same location - produces AP

[blank_start]Myelinated[blank_end]: AP is faster, contains [blank_start]nodes of ranvier[blank_end]: voltage gated Na+ channels where AP is generated. [blank_start]Un-myelinated[blank_end]: AP is slower, contains [blank_start]leak channels[blank_end]: less flow of ions, difficult to get incoming Na+ charges to move.

If the Na/K ATPase stopped working the membrane would be more negative which would be harder to start an AP.

The brains ability to form or change synaptic connections is known as _____________.

Early LTP: [blank_start]AMPA[blank_end] receptor becomes [blank_start]excitatory[blank_end] which leads to an increase of [blank_start]Na+[blank_end] which then depolarizes the post synaptic cell. The EPSP that has been started releases the [blank_start]Mg+[blank_end] from the [blank_start]NMDA[blank_end] receptor and allows [blank_start]Ca+[blank_end] to enter. Late LTP: Begins when [blank_start]sustained[blank_end] activation from early LTP leads to protein synthesis. The post synaptic changes increase dendritic spines and increase AMPA receptors.

Match the term with its corresponding scenario: [blank_start]Ca2+ levels[blank_end]: a decrease in this could cause a neuron to not pass through the NMDA receptors resulting in no LTP. [blank_start]AMPA receptors[blank_end]: if there are none of these in early LTP then there will not be any LTP at all but if the release of NMDA occurs there none to make the membrane more permeable; causing late LTP to occur slower or not at all. [blank_start]Lack of threshold[blank_end]: this would result in Na+ not flowing through the cell therefore no LTP would be initiated. Mg2+ would possibly block the NMDA receptor and no late LTP would occur. [blank_start]Excess Mg2+[blank_end]: this would cause for more Na+ to flow in causing depolarization of the cell faster [blank_start]Lack of Na+[blank_end]: there would be no EPSP, no Mg2+ release, no LTP

The [blank_start]photo-receptor[blank_end] cell receives light signals and is located in the [blank_start]retina[blank_end].

The rods are used for [blank_start]dim[blank_end] light and [blank_start]high[blank_end] sensitivity. The cones are used for [blank_start]bright[blank_end] light and [blank_start]low[blank_end] sensitivity.

The macula contains the fovea.

The fovea has a low density of photoreceptors.

What photo-receptors are found in the periphery?

Which ion is released when signaling photo-receptors?

Pathway of light from eye to brain. [blank_start]Light[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Retina[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Photoreceptor[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Bi Polar Cell[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Ganglionic Cell[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Optic Nerve[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Optic Chiasm[blank_end] -> [blank_start]LGN[blank_end] -> [blank_start]V1[blank_end]

What axons make up the optic nerve?

The optic chiasm is the crossing over point for vision.

Label the pathway from the outer to inner ear. [blank_start]External meatus[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Tympanic Membrane[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Malleus[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Incus[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Stapes[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Oval Window[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Inner Ear[blank_end]

Top tube: [blank_start]scala vestibule[blank_end]: connects to the oval window Middle tube: [blank_start]scala media[blank_end]: holds organ of corti - hair cells that change waves to electric signals - sits on basilar membrane and covered by tectorial membrane Bottom tube: [blank_start]scala tympani[blank_end]: connects to round window

The stereocilia depolarizes in response to sound waves.

Sound waves come in and bend the stereocilia which allow for Na+ to flow in.

The [blank_start]endolymph[blank_end] is high in potassium.

Stereocilia is stuck in the [blank_start]tectorial membrane[blank_end] and allows for tugging when sound waves pass through. The organ of corti sits on the [blank_start]basilar membrane[blank_end].

The [blank_start]depolarization[blank_end] of stereocilia causes them to release [blank_start]glutamate[blank_end] onto the [blank_start]spiral ganglion[blank_end] cells of the cochlear nerve.

Cilia repolarize as K+ leaves the endolymph.

Fill in the blanks for the pathway of sound from the cochlea to the brain. [blank_start]Hair Cell[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Spiral Ganglion Axon[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Cochlear Nerve[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Cochlear Nuclei in the medulla[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Superior Olive in the pons[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Inferior Colliculus in the midbrain[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Medial Geniculate Nucleus in the thalamu[blank_end]s -> [blank_start]A1 in the superior temporal lobe[blank_end].

Where is the crossing over point for the auditory system?

The primary auditory cortex is located in the Superior temporal lobe.

[blank_start]Pitch[blank_end] is based on frequency. High pitch: [blank_start]base of cochlea[blank_end] Low pitch: [blank_start]apex of cochlea[blank_end] [blank_start]Loudness[blank_end] is based on intensity Increased [blank_start]amplitude[blank_end] of waves: louder sounds

Explain the way in which odor molecules start an AP in sensory neurons. [blank_start]Odorant particles bind to receptors[blank_end] on the cilia -> [blank_start]transduction begins[blank_end] -> [blank_start]signals the G Protein[blank_end] -> [blank_start]cAMP production[blank_end] -> [blank_start]cAMP binds to open ion channels[blank_end] -> [blank_start]allow Na+ and Ca2+ to enter[blank_end] -> [blank_start]depolarization[blank_end]

Trace the path of olfaction signals from the nose to brain [blank_start]Mucus[blank_end] -> [blank_start]olfactory cells[blank_end] -> [blank_start]dendrite[blank_end] -> [blank_start]olfactory receptor[blank_end] -> [blank_start]basal cell[blank_end] -> [blank_start]axon[blank_end] -> [blank_start]olfactory gland[blank_end] -> [blank_start]olfactory nerve[blank_end] -> [blank_start]cribiform plate[blank_end] -> [blank_start]glomeruli[blank_end] -> [blank_start]mitral cell[blank_end] -> [blank_start]olfactory tract[blank_end]

How are different odors interpreted?

Which cells make up the olfactory nerve?

Which of the following have pertain to taste buds?

Gustatory cells are ciliated and bind to dissolved chemicals.

Match the NT to its tastant: T1R1: [blank_start]umami/MSG[blank_end] T1R2: [blank_start]sweet[blank_end] T1R3: [blank_start]sweet/umami[blank_end] T2: [blank_start]bitter[blank_end] ENaC: [blank_start]salty[blank_end] PKD2L: [blank_start]sour[blank_end]

[blank_start]T1R1 & T2[blank_end]: binds G protein -> increase IP3 Ca2+ -> open TRP channels -> depol. [blank_start]ENaC & PKD2L[blank_end]: enters through membrane Na+ channels -> depol.

Fill in the blanks for the path of taste bud to brain: [blank_start]Cranial nerves[blank_end] -> [blank_start]medulla oblongata[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Pons (medulla)[blank_end] -> [blank_start]VPN thalamus[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Primary Gustatory Cortex (insula)[blank_end] -> [blank_start]Hypothalamus (limbic system)[blank_end]

The direction in which sensory information travels is from spinal cord to periphery

Fill in the blanks to show the path of sensory information from mechanoreceptors to S1 using the MLP: [blank_start]Primary afferent[blank_end] -> [blank_start]medulla[blank_end] -> [blank_start]secondary afferent[blank_end] -> [blank_start]thalamus[blank_end] (where it crosses over) -> [blank_start]VPN[blank_end] -> [blank_start]tertiary afferent[blank_end] -> [blank_start]S1[blank_end] (parietal lobe)

Fill in the blank for the sensory information for nociceptors to S1 using the spinothalamic tract. -[blank_start]Spinal cord[blank_end] -> [blank_start]cross at ventral route[blank_end] -> [blank_start]medulla[blank_end]

In the medial lemniscal pathway crossing over occurs in the [blank_start]thalamus[blank_end] and in the spinothalamic pathway crossing over occurs in the [blank_start]spinal cord[blank_end].

[blank_start]A delta[blank_end]: myelinated, fast conduction, skin pressure/touch vibration [blank_start]A beta[blank_end]: myelinated, sharp pain, cool/cold info [blank_start]C fibers[blank_end]: unmyelinated, slow conduction, pain, warm/hot information

Match each mechano-receptor with the sensory information they detect: [blank_start]Merkel Cell[blank_end]: mostly in fingertips, feel touch [blank_start]Meisnner Corpuscle[blank_end]: respond to low freq. vibrations, brushing across skin, slippage of objects in hands [blank_start]Paccinian Corpuscle[blank_end]: poor spatial resolution, respond to high freq. vibration, use of tools

S1 is in the parietal lobe and is somatotopically organized

2 point discrimination is the regions far apart in the body synapse in the cortex close together.

Both Substance P and Glutamate ________ interneurons. - Secondary afferents in the spinal cord.

How do endogeous opiods block incoming nociceptor signals in order to reduce the perception of pain? They all bind to opiod ligand -> release inhibitory [blank_start]NT[blank_end] on nociceptor neuron terminals in spinal cord and either block [blank_start]Ca2+[blank_end] channels or open [blank_start]K+[blank_end] channels.

Match each NT to its interneuron. Mu: [blank_start]endorphin[blank_end] Delta: [blank_start]enkephalin[blank_end] Kappa: [blank_start]dynorphin[blank_end]

What structures below are a part of the NMJ? (CATA)

During muscle contraction:

Myosin heads bind to actin during muscle contraction

Match each term with their definition: - [blank_start]Sarcolemma[blank_end]: plasma membrane - [blank_start]Sarcoplasmic Reticulum[blank_end]: smooth ER; stores Ca2+ has voltage gated channels - [blank_start]Muscle Fiber[blank_end]: thing filaments, myosin attaches, think filaments binding site for actin and ATP.

The [blank_start]direct[blank_end] pathway signals inhibit some basal ganglia structures which lead to movement. The [blank_start]indirect[blank_end] pathway signals excite some basal ganglia structures which inhibit movement.

M1 is not organized somatotopically.

The size of the area determines the movement in M1.

Fill in the blanks with the pathway for motor movement from the brain to the muscle: [blank_start]M1[blank_end] -> [blank_start]pons[blank_end] -> [blank_start]medulla[blank_end] -> [blank_start]spinal cord[blank_end] -> [blank_start]muscle[blank_end]

Where do the motor neurons decussate?

The UMN synapses on the LMN at the __________________

Dorsal Horn: [blank_start]sensory neuron[blank_end] Ventral Horn: [blank_start]upper motor neuron[blank_end] Dorsal Route: [blank_start]sensory pathway[blank_end] Ventral Route: [blank_start]motor pathway[blank_end] [blank_start]Spinal Nerve[blank_end]: mixed between sensory & motor neurons [blank_start]Left[blank_end] side of spinal cord: motor/descending ([blank_start]efferent[blank_end]) pathway [blank_start]Right[blank_end] side of spinal cord: sensory/ascending ([blank_start]afferent[blank_end]) pathway

Sensory neuron connect motor neurons through interneurons.

[blank_start]Flexor[blank_end] reflex causes automatic withdrawal of threatened body parts and uses simple reflex arc. [blank_start]Stretch[blank_end] reflex maintains posture and adjusts.

Proprioceptors _________________.

Proprioception is ...

[blank_start]Autonomic[blank_end] NS: involuntary, impulses go to [blank_start]cardiac[blank_end] muscles [blank_start]Somatic[blank_end] NS: voluntary, impulses go to [blank_start]skeletal[blank_end] muscles

Check all that apply to the Parasympathetic Nervous System.

Receptor Types: - [blank_start]Nicotinic[blank_end]: stimulatory, found on skeletal muscles at the neuromuscular juntion, all postganglionic neurons. - [blank_start]Muscarinic[blank_end]: inhibitory/excitatory, found on all effector cells.

What Neurotransmitter is used for signaling? - Sympathetic: [blank_start]NE[blank_end] - Parasympathetic: [blank_start]ACh[blank_end]

What type of fibers are used for in the SNS?

What type of fiber is used in the PNS?

The Central Nervous System is controlled by the Autonomic Nervous System.

Is the ANS controlled unconsciously by the CNS?