Ohne Titel

Folie 1

• Adverbs modify, or tell us more about, other words. Usually adverbs modify verbs, telling us how, how often, when, or where something was done. The adverb is placed after the verb it modifies.
• For example: The bus moved slowly.
• Sometimes adverbs modify adjectives, making them stronger or weaker.
• For example: You are very persistent.
• Some types of adverbs can modify other adverbs, changing their degree or precision.
• For example: You are speaking too quietly.
• In most cases, an adverb is formed by adding '-ly' to an adjective.
• For example: quick (adjective), quickly (adverb)
• If the adjective ends in '-y', replace the '-y' with 'i' and add '-ly'.
• For example: easy (adjective), easily (adverb)
• If the adjective ends in '-able', '-ible', or '-le', replace the '-e' with 'y'.
• For example: terrible (adjective), terribly (adverb)
• If the adjective ends in '-ic', add '-ally'. This is with the exception of 'public' which is 'publicly' in the adverbial form.
• For example: tragic (adjective), tragically (adverb)
• Some adverbs have the same form as the adjective. These adverbs include: early, fast, hard, high, late, near, straight and wrong.
• For example: We saw many high buildings. (adjective) The birds flew high in the sky. (adverb)

Folie 2

• With adverbs ending with '-ly', you must use 'more' to form the comparative, and 'most' to form the superlative.
• For example: slowly (adverb), more slowly (comparative), most slowly (superlative)​​​​​​​
• The teacher spoke more slowly to help us to understand.
• With short adverbs that do not end in '-ly', comparative and superlative forms are identical to adjectives: add '-er' to form the comparative and '-est' to form the superlative. If the verb ends in 'e', remove it before adding the ending.
• For example: late (adverb), later (comparative), latest (superlative)
• Everyone in the class was late for the examination, but John was the latest of all.
• Some adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms.
• badly (adverb), worse (comparative), worst (superlative)
• far (adverb), farther / further (comparative), farthest / furthest (superlative)
• little (adverb), less (comparative), least (superlative)
• well (adverb), better (comparative), best (superlative)
• ​​​​​​​ The little boy ran farther than his friends.

Folie 3

• Adverbs of place tells us where something happens. Adverbs of place are usually placed after the main verb or after the clause they modify. Adverbs of place do not modify adjectives or other adverbs. Some examples of adverbs of place include: here, everywhere, outside, away, around.
• For example: I searched everywhere I could think of.
• 'Here' and 'there' are common adverbs of place. They give a location relative to the speaker. With verbs of movement, 'here' means towards or with the speaker and 'there' means away from, or not with the speaker.
• For example: Could you come here and help me for a minute?
• Our son Jim is living in Barcelona. He wants us to go there for a holiday.
• 'Here' and 'there' are combined with prepositions to make many common adverbial phrases.
• For example: The baby is hiding down there under the table.
• 'Here' and 'there' are placed at the beginning of the sentence in exclamations or when emphasis is needed. They are followed by the verb if the subject is a noun or by a pronoun if the subject is a pronoun.
• For example: There goes the bell!
• Here they are!
• Many adverbs of place can also be used as prepositions. When used as prepositions, they must be followed by a noun. Examples include the following:
• ​​​​​​​Around: The marble rolled around in my hand. (used as an adverb of place) I am wearing a necklace around my neck. (used as a preposition)
• Behind: She had been ill so often that, she was getting behind with her schoolwork. (used as an adverb of place) Let us hide behind the shed. (used as a preposition)
• Down: Mary slipped and fell down. (used as an adverb of place) John made his way carefully down the cliff. (used as a preposition)
• In: We decided to drop in on Jake. (used as an adverb of place) I dropped the letter in the mailbox. (used as a preposition)
• Off: Let us get off at the next stop. (used as an adverb of place) The wind blew the flowers off the tree. (used as a preposition)
• On: We rode on for several more hours. (used as an adverb of place) Please put the books on the table. (used as a preposition)
• Over: He turned over and went back to sleep. (used as an adverb of place) I think I will hang the picture over my bed. (used as a preposition)

Folie 4

• Adverbs of place that end in '-where' express the idea of location without specifying a specific location or direction.
• For example: I would like to go somewhere warm for my vacation.
• Adverbs of place that ends in '-wards' express movement in a particular direction.
• For example: The balloon drifted upwards.
• Be careful, 'towards' is a preposition, not an adverb, so it is always followed by a noun or a pronoun.
• For example: He walked towards the car.
• Some adverbs of place express both movement and location at the same time.
• For example: The child went indoors.

Folie 5

• Adverbs of time tell us when an action happened, but also for how long, and how often. Adverbs of time are invariable. Adverbs of time have standard positions in a sentence depending on what the adverb of time is telling us. Adverbs that tell us when are usually placed at the end of the sentence.
• For example: Goldilocks went to the Bears' house yesterday.
• Putting an adverb that tells us when at the end of a sentence is a neutral position, but these adverbs can be put in other positions to give a different emphasis. All adverbs that tell us when can be placed at the beginning of the sentence to emphasize the time element. Some can also be put before the main verb in formal writing, while others cannot occupy that position.
• For example: Later Goldilocks ate some porridge. (the time is important)
• Goldilocks later ate some porridge. (this is more formal, like a police report)
• Goldilocks ate some porridge later. (this is neutral, no particular emphasis)
• Adverbs that tell us for how long are also usually placed at the end of the sentence.
• For example: She stayed in the Bears' house all day.
• In adverbial phrases that tell us for how long, 'for' is always followed by an expression of duration, while since is always followed by an expression of a point of time.
• For example: The French monarchy lasted for several centuries.
• Jim has been working here since 1997.
• Adverbs that tell us how often express the frequency of an action. They are usually placed before the main verb but after auxiliary verbs (such as 'be', 'have', 'may' and 'must'). The only exception is when the main verb is 'to be', in which case the adverb goes after the main verb.
• For example: You must always fasten your seat belt.
• I am seldom late.
• Many adverbs that express frequency can also be placed at either the beginning or the end of the sentence, although some cannot be. When they are placed in these alternate positions, the meaning of the adverb is much stronger. Adverbs that can be used in two positions include the following:
• Frequently: I visit France frequently. (stronger position) I frequently visit France. (weaker position)
• Generally: Generally, I do not like spicy food. (stronger position) I generally do not like spicy food. (weaker position)
• Normally: I listen to classical music normally. (stronger position) I normally listen to classical music. (weaker position)
• Occasionally: I go to the opera occasionally. (stronger position) I occasionally go to the opera. (weaker position)
• Often: Often, I jog in the morning. (stronger position) I often jog in the morning. (weaker position)
• Regularly: I come to this museum regularly. (stronger position) I regularly come to this museum. (weaker position)
• Sometimes: I get up very early sometimes. (stronger position) I sometimes get up very early. (weaker position)
• Usually: I enjoy being with children usually. (stronger position) I usually enjoy being with children. (weaker position)
• Some other adverbs that tell us how often express the exact number of times an action happens or happened. These adverbs are usually placed at the end of the sentence.
• For example: This magazine is published monthly.

Folie 6

• 'Yet' is used in questions and negative sentences to indicate that something that has not happened or may not have happened but is expected to happen. It is placed at the end of the sentence.
• For example: Have you finished your work yet?
• 'Still' expresses continuity. In positive sentences and questions it is placed before the main verb and after auxiliary verbs (such as 'be', 'have', 'might' and 'must').
• For example: Jim might still want some of that cake.
• If you need to use more than one adverb of time in a sentence, use them in this order:
• 1: how long, 2: how often, 3: when
• For example: She worked in a hospital for two days every week last year.
• Adverbs of frequency tell us how often or how many times an action or situation takes place. Some commonly used adverbs of frequency include 'always', 'often', 'sometimes', 'seldom' and 'never'. Adverbs of frequency that describe how often an action occurs are usually placed before the main verb but after auxiliary verbs (such as 'be', 'have', 'may' and 'must').
• For example: My family would occasionally go to a seafood restaurant at East Coast Park for a sumptuous meal.
• Adverbs of frequency that describe how many times an action occurs are usually placed at the end of sentences.
• For example: Ben goes for beginners' guitar lessons weekly.

Folie 7

• Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens. They are usually placed either after the main verb.
• For example: James coughed loudly to attract her attention.
• An adverb of manner cannot be put between a verb and its direct object. The adverb must be placed either before the verb or at the end of the clause.
• For example: He greedily ate the chocolate cake.
• He ate the chocolate cake greedily.
• If there is a preposition before the verb's object, you can place the adverb of manner either before the preposition or after the object.
• For example: The child ran happily towards his mother.
• The child ran towards his mother happily.
• Adverbs of manner should always come immediately after intransitive verbs (verbs which have no object).
• For example: He waited patiently for his mother to arrive.
• These common adverbs of manner are almost always placed directly after the verb: 'well', 'badly', 'hard' and 'fast'.
• For example: He swam well despite being tired.
• The position of the adverb is important when there is more than one verb in a sentence. If the adverb is placed before or after the main verb, it modifies only the verb. If the adverb is placed after a clause, then it modifies the whole action described by the clause.
• For example: He quietly asked me to leave the house. (the request is quiet)
• He asked me to leave the house quietly. (the leaving is quiet)
• Sometimes an adverb of manner is placed before a verb + object to add emphasis.
• For example: She angrily slammed the door.
• Some writers put an adverb of manner at the beginning of the sentence to catch our attention and make us curious.
• For example: Slowly she picked up the knife.

Folie 8

• Adverbs of degree tell us to what extent something happens. Adverbs of degree are usually placed before the adjective, adverb or verb they modify, although there are some exceptions. The words 'too', 'enough', 'very' and 'extremely' are examples of adverbs of degree.
• For example: The water was extremely cold.
• 'Enough' can be used as both an adverb and as a determiner. 'Enough' as an adverb means to the necessary degree. It goes after the adjective or adverb that it is modifying, and not before it as other adverbs do. It can be used in both positive and negative sentences.
• For example: He did not work hard enough.
• 'Enough' is followed by to + the infinitive (base form of the verb).
• For example: He did not work hard enough to pass the examination.
• 'Enough' can also be followed by for someone or something.
• For example: She was not experienced enough for the job.
• 'Enough' as a determiner means as much/many as necessary before the noun it modifies. It is used with countable nouns in the plural and with uncountable nouns.
• For example: They do not have enough food.
• 'Too' is always an adverb, but it has two distinct meanings, each with its on usage patterns. 'Too' as an adverb means also. It goes at the end of the phrase it modifies.
• For example: I would like to go swimming too, if you will let me come.
• 'Too' as an adverb means excessively. It goes before the adjective or adverb it modifies. It can be used in both affirmative and negative sentences.
• For example: The coffee is too hot.
• 'Too' is often followed by to + the infinitive (base form of the verb).
• For example: The coffee was too hot to drink.
• 'Too' can also be followed by for someone or something.
• For example: Sally is not too slow for our team.
• 'Very' goes before an adverb or adjective to make it stronger.
• For example: The house is very expensive.

Folie 9

• There is a difference in meaning between 'too' and 'very'. 'Very' expresses a fact while 'too' suggests there is a problem.
• For example: He speaks very quickly.
• He speaks too quickly for me to understand.
• Some common adverbs are used in the same way as 'very' to heighten the degree of of adjectives and adverbs. The following are some examples:
• The movie was amazingly interesting. (expressing very strong feelings)
• The movie was particularly interesting. (expressing strong feelings)
• The movie was fairly interesting. (expressing somewhat doubtful feelings)
• Normally the subject goes before the verb, however, some negative adverbs can cause an inversion when placed at the beginning of the clause. The order is reversed and the verb goes before the subject. This inversion is only used in writing, not in speaking. The following are some examples:
• Never: I have never seen such courage. (normal word order) Never have I seen such courage. (inversion)
• Rarely: She rarely left the house. (normal word order) Rarely did she leave the house. (inversion)
• Not only: She did not only the cooking but the cleaning as well. (normal word order) Not only did she do the cooking, but the cleaning as well. (inversion)
• Scarcely: I scarcely closed the door before he started talking. (normal word order) Scarcely did I close the door before he started talking. (inversion)
• Seldom: We seldom cross the river after sunset. (normal word order) Seldom do we cross the river after sunset. (inversion)

Folie 10

• Adverbs of certainty express how certain we feel about an action or event. Adverbs of certainty go before the main verb unless the main verb is 'to be', in which case the adverb of certainty goes after.
• For example: He definitely left the house this morning.
• He is probably in the park.
• If there is an auxiliary verb, the adverb of certainty goes between the auxiliary and the main verb.
• For example: He has certainly forgotten about the meeting.
• Sometimes, these adverbs of certainty can be placed at the beginning of the sentence.
• For example: Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great politician.
• When the adverb of certainty 'surely' is placed at the beginning of the sentence, it means the speaker thinks something is true, but is looking for confirmation.
• For example: Surely you are not going to wear that to the party.
• Adverbs of reason tell us why an action or a situation takes place. Some commonly used adverbs of reason include: 'since', 'as', 'because', 'thus' and 'hence'. Adverbs of reason can be used at the beginning of a sentence.
• For example: Since we had run out of salt, Mother told me to get some from the supermarket.
• Adverbs of reason can also be used in the middle of a sentence.
• For example: Mother told me to get some salt from the supermarket since we had run out of salt.

Folie 11

• When adverbs are used as conjunctions, to connect ideas, they are known as conjunctive adverbs. Conjunctive adverbs function to ease the transition between ideas in a sentence or between sentences. They accomplish this task by showing comparison, contrast, sequence, cause-effect or other relationships between ideas.
• For example: The city was unprepared for the big snowstorm. Consequently, all major highways were closed.