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Controlling natural population change

• China's One Child Policy:
• China, East Asia (NIC)
• From 1979 the Chinese government instigated a law which forbade its people form having more than one child due to fears that overpopulation would lead to food and other supply shortages. However, it's ageing population and extremely low birth rate has meant that the government are allowing its people to apply for a permit which lets them have a second child.
• The policy has been carried out by a number of laws, taxes, and persuasion (such as offering better health care). Many people believe that this policy went against human rights as many women were forcibly sterilised or forced into abortions when pregnant with a second child. Parents who refused to have only one child were fined and made to pay for their children's health and education. There are many social negatives as the policy was morally unacceptable; without the instigation of the one child policy 400 million babies would have been born. Due to Chinese culture, female infanticide was a huge issue and many girls were aborted or abandoned due to the need for a baby boy. Consequently there were approximately 100 girls for every one hundred boys, leaving many men without partners in the future which increased crime rates.
• Strategy has proved successful, despite its harsh nature. For example, in 1970 the fertility rate in China was 5.5, however, as of 2010 the fertility rate had decreased to 1.7. This shows that the introduction of the one child policy was successful in reducing the rate of natural population growth. Also, a decrease in population correlates directly to a decrease in pollution, which is an environmental benefit.

Internal migration

• UK moves from South to Manchester
• UK moves from South to Manchester

International migration

• Poland to UK
• Poland joined the EU as part of the A8 in 2004, this allows free movement of labour between member countries. The UK government expected and influx of Polish people because of better lifestyle in the UK. By July 2006, 447,000 people from Eastern Europe had applied to work in the UK with 62% of the applicants being from Poland. Polish people are the 3rd largest ethnic minority group in UK.
• There are many push and pull factors which drive Polish people to enter the UK. For example, the average unemployment in Poland was 18.5% in2005, with youth unemployment being around 40%. However, in the UK unemployment is at 5.1%. Economically speaking, the average income in Poland was $12,500 a year in comparison with $30,900 in the UK.
• Polish communities have been established within the UK, for example Peterborough, which encourages people to immigrate. The UK was one of only three countries which did not restrict the number of immigrants.
• There are many positive impacts on Poland, for example there is less pressure on resources due to a dereased population. It also encourages governments to improve standards of living in Poland to compete. However, as most of the migrants are young males , there is a gender imbalance and an ageing population in Poland. As well as a los of skilled workers seeking employment.
• New migrants are typically hard working, enthusiastic, skilled and flexible which makes them highly employable. However, there is the chance of exploitation of keen workers being made to work cheaply. Many migrans have young families which puts increasing pressure on education and health care services. A high proportion of the wages return to Poland, meaning less is spent in the economy.

Urban land use change

• Hulme
• Terraced housing was built quickly in the nineteenth century
• to house large numbers of workers as cheaply as possible. Back to back houses
• were thrown up and the areas lack of open space and high population density
• made it one of the most unpleasant parts of the emerging industrial city. The
• residents were faced with social problems such as traffic issues, a lack of
• modern retail and health facilities and a lack of gardens and other open
• spaces.
• In the 1960s comprehensive redevelopment came about and all
• the housing in the Hulme area was destroyed and replaced by four eight storey
• interconnected blocks which were separated by large areas of open space. 13,000
• people were housed here. The area had a low population of families with
• children and a disproportionate number of single person households and a high
• number of single parents. The area had a negative social effect, with stress
• being 3x more likely and people being much more likely to be mugged. The
• complex was poorly built and people’s mental health suffered.
• The area was again redeveloped in 1992. 3,000 new homes were
• built on streets and squares; they were a combination of 2 and 3 storey houses
• and low rise. New shopping areas were also installed and totally refurbished.
• Community facilities were made available which improved people’s mental health
• greatly. However, some didn’t like the change as many had to relocate due to a
• lack of new housing. Families and friends were separated and nearby residents
• had to listen to construction for a long time. Although the green spaces were
• socially beneficial, many were not happy as there is a high demand for space
• and people believe it should be used for further housing. The new development was
• granted a £37.5 million grant and has attracted over £450 million of private
• investment, which makes it economically sustainable.

Retail service provision change

• Trafford centre
• Prior to 1980s all shopping centres were located within city centres, such as the Arndale centre in Manchester. As the number of cars increased and the public transport links began to improve, out of town shopping centres were able to be introduced on the outskirts of cities. The Trafford Centre is one such out of town shopping centre. It is ideally located along the M60 and has bus links from Manchester and Stockport town centres. This increases the number of customers as it is much more easily accessible, which makes its location economically viable. Out of town centres can be more attractive to customers, given the lower traffic congestion and, in the case of the Trafford Centre, free parking facilities. Its indoor nature means that the shoppers are not subject to weather. Unfortunately many smaller business owners have seen a large decrease in sales as people have opted to go to the Trafford Centre due to its accessible location and access to large chain stores.
• The development of the Trafford centre has