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Coding, capacity and duration.
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- 1Discuss research into coding.Baddeley gave different lists of words to four groups of participants. They were asked to recall them. With immediate recall, there was worse recall of acoustically similar words. With delayed, there was worse recall with semantically similar. LTM codes semantically and STM codes acoustically.
- 2Evaluate research into coding.- Artificial stimuli which had no meaning to participants. We should be cautious about generalising the findings to different types of memory task. Findings may have limited application.
- 3Discuss research on capacity.1) Joseph Jacob: developed a technique to measure digit span. For example, would give participants a 4-digit number, if they recalled this correctly in the right order, the researcher would read out 5 digits and so on till incorrect recall of order. Mean span for digits was 9.3 and for letters 7.3. 2) Miller: observed everyday practice and noticed that things come in sevens. Suggests capactiy of STM is 7 (plus or minus 2).
- 4Evaluate research into capacity.Jacob: Conducted long time ago, early studies lacked adequate control. Ppts. may have been distracted so wouldn't have performed as well - lack of control of confounding variables means results may not be valid. But results have been supported in other research, supporting its reliability.
Miller: May have overestimated capacity of STM. Cowan reviewed other research + concluded capacity is about four chunks. Lower end of Miller's estimate (five) is more appropriate than seven. - 5Discuss research into duration.1) Peterson & Peterson: Tested 24 undergraduate students, 8 trials, in each trial given consonant syllable and 3-digit number. Counted backwards from the number until told to stop, to prevent mental rehearsal. On each trial told to stop after a different amount of time - 3,6,9,12,15 or 18 secs. (retention interval). % of correct answers decreased as retention interval increased. Suggests STM has short duration.
2) Bahrick et al: 392 ppts aged 17-74. Photo recognition test and free recall test. Ppts. tested within 15 yrs of graduation - 90% accurate. 48 yrs - 70%. In free recall, 15 yrs - 60% and 48 yrs - 30%. Shows LTM has long duration. - 6Evaluate research into duration.Peterson & Peterson: - Artificial stimuli, doesn't reflect real life memory activities where info is meaningful, lacked external validity.
- STM has limited capacity, new info may have displaced old info as they had to count back during retention interval. May have been measuring capacity instead.
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- Karteikarten am Coding, capacity and duration., erstellt von Jameela Princess am 12/03/2018.
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