Karteikarten
Perspectives on development
Karten in diesem Stapel (15)
- 1Define developmentDevelopment is improvements to communities, regions, countries in terms of quality of life and equal access to resources. However, the idea of what we want is always changing, so it is difficult to define what development is as it is constantly shifting.
- 2Colonial years : Civilising mission ‘us’ and ‘them’ stages of developed.19th century to 18th century. Germany lost colonies to France and UK in 1918 (the league of nations is introduced at this point which will go on to be what we now know as the United Nations)
Shifted the ideology around colonialism.
Development is an ‘us’ vs ‘them’ and is heavily linked to power.
Development = economic growth in the post war era. - 31940s view of developmentEnd of WW2. Birth of international institutions (such as IMF) that are all centered around reconstruction and development, rebuilding the world and having a global view.
Development was seen still as a responsibility of wealthier countries to support growth and reconstruct poorer nations through economic aids, still ‘us’ Vs ‘them’. - 41950s 'the age of development'Development continues to equal economic growth. It was considered only as economic development only, where development means rise in per capita income and growth in the economy. It doesn’t take into account the qualitative aspect that development also implies leading a good quality of life where individuals develop themselves to the fullest.This is supported by modernisation which says follow these stages :industrialise, specialise and access the free market in order to develop.
- 51960sEmerged opposition to big top-down development. Birth of environmental development. Era of protest. Disposable income for western countries- problems with environment.
It was however suggested that these underdeveloped countries would follow a route of economic growth as illustrated by Rostow’s 1960 model. The model was based on a study of 15 mainly European countries, the main prospective being on industrialisation and economic position. The model proposes that a country can break the cycle of poverty and underdevelopment by following a succession of linear stages, five to be exact. - 61970s - 90sDevelopment = top down, very state led projects under the philosophy of ‘trickle down’. Big infrastructure programmes will generate wealth, which will be invested more widely into society.
HDI
Development should lead to your own personal freedoms. Neo-liberalism is going along the same time in terms of economics.
1980s:
The term sustainable development came into popular use after the 1987 report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, popularly known as the Brundtland Report. It defined sustainable development as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.
According to UNDP development is to lead long and healthy lives, to be knowledgeable, to have access to resources needed for decent standard of living and to be able to participate in the life of the community. Creation of HDI index recognising that you can’t just measure development based on GDP and economic indicators. - 790s- 2010s1990s - 2010s
90s - when everyone decides being in control doesn’t solve the problems instead we must collaborate through grassroot movement. Acceptance of capitalism as dominant ideology, supports the view that economic development essentially is the only thing. - 8Explain keynesian economicsKeynes summary
After the Great Depression in America (1930s) ‘laissez faire’ ideas don’t work !!
In times of recession, when demands is low- companies get rid of workies (‘tighten belts’) and leave people unemployed = not got money to put into economy
Keynes says governments should interfere and create aggregate demand = maintain full employment
Governments borrow money =boost demand (create jobs) = people can still partake in economy = economy can rebuild itself + expand again- when this happens, governments can start to repay loans - 9what is modernisation theoryRostow - said “ Development as an evolutionary process”; he believed that countries progress up a development ladder of 5 stages”.
Development is achieved when a country has high industrial outputs and exports goods to the world economy (trade with the rest of the world).
The view that to develop means to become more “modern” by adopting western cultural values and social institutions.
5 stages : traditional society, pre-conditions to take-off, take-off, drive to maturity, age of mass consumption. - 10What countries can be used as models of modernisation theoryChina and India
- 11Issues with modernisation theoryDubai is an example of a place reaching stage 5 of the development ladder (mass conspicuous consumption) without having to go through the other stages to get there e.g. they’re not industrialised and hold traditional values (women don’t have equality and are very much in the expressive roles and men have more instrumental roles) but they have reaches mass consumption.
Not all countries objective of development is to reach mass consumption.
It isn’t possible for a lot of these developing countries to develop when we have finite resources and 20 percent of the world already consumes 80 percent of the world’s resources, if already developed countries continue to try and develop even further then that slows down the process that undeveloped countries do by default.
Modernisation theory is for a country not just a region, nowhere has fully become modernised there are still regions in rural areas etc that are not developed and have not reached the age of mass consumption. NO COUNTRY has all got to stage 5 - 12Explain dependency theoryDevelopment is finite - it is not achievable by all - when the core develops it creates a backwash. If somewhere is developing it is undeveloping somewhere else.
(development 2 sides of the same coin)
A.G Frank is the key thinker for this theory. He said that underdevelopment and development were two sides of the same coin. Due to finite resources some people will have less in order for others to have more e.g. workers are exploited in factories/ sweatshops to mass produce the latest piece of clothing or technology etc, in order for western countries to be able to enjoy these luxuries. They are underdeveloped and those buying are developed. - 13What is neo-colonialism (links into dependency theory)Neo- colonialism : Countries still control each other but under new names/ organisation that benefit them. E.g the UN - institutions such as this have a bias towards rich countries for example when they go to certain conferences they send say 100 delegates from America, a very rich and powerful nation, but will only send 1 from a poorer country such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, a very poor nations, this means that poorer countries will be underrepresented at these sorts of conferences as they don’t have enough people to go to the different meetings that are happening at the same time.
- 14What are the positives and negatives of this view ?Positives
Richer countries play a role in creating poverty
Industry in the periphery given subsidies to develop
Barriers to foreign imports, encouraging the citizens to buy nationally-produced goods.
Criticisms
Lack of competition
Blames everything on the rich
Ignores all other factors but economics
1 size fits all development idea
Doesn’t give a solution- just describes the situation
Government intervention could make global trade inefficient
Spending to support industry could be spent providing basic needs or on infrastructure
Trade barriers could increase the cost of living for citizen
Finite growth will be created from ISI - stagnation in terms of economic growth
Can link this theory to NORTH KOREA or CUBA- they don’t trade globally, make everything
ISI model - 15—
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- Karteikarten am Perspectives on development, erstellt von Megan Gallagher am 07/06/2018.
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