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- 1Peterson and Peterson (1959) - MethodParticipants were shown nonsense trigrams and asked to recall them after either 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 or 18 seconds. During the pause they were asked to count backwards in threes from a given number. This was used as an interference task to prevent them from using rehearsal.
- 2Peterson and Peterson (1959) - ResultsAfter 3 seconds, participants could recall about 80% of the trigrams correctly.
After 18 seconds only 10% could correctly recall the trigrams. - 3Peterson and Peterson (1959) - ConclusionWhen rehearsal is prevented, very little can stay in short term memory for longer than about 18 seconds.
- 4Peterson and Peterson (1959) - EvaluationIt was a lab experiment, but the trigrams were artificial and doesn't reflect how we would remember real life events. Only one type of stimulus was used, so we are unaware whether the type of stimulus would effect duration. Participants viewed multiple trigrams which could confuse them.
- 5Bahrick et al (1975) - Method392 participants were asked to list their previous class mates (free-recall). They were then either shown a picture and asked their name (photo-recognition) or told their name and asked to identify their picture (name-recognition).
- 6Bahrick et al (1975) - ResultsAfter 15 years of leaving school, participants were 90% accurate when recalling names and faces, using free recall they were only 60% accurate. This then decreased to 30% 45 years after leaving. Their name-recognition was 80% and photo-recognition was 40%.
- 7Bahrick et al (1975) - ConclusionThe study shows evidence of VLTM's in a real life setting. Recognition is better than recall, so there may be a huge store of information, but it's not always easy to access all of it - you need help to get to it.
- 8Bahrick et al (1975) - EvaluationIt was a field experiment. Hard to control the variables, no way to know why information was recalled well. Showed that meaningful information may be remembered better. Information could have been rehearsed which would increase the rate of recall. Results can't be generalized.
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