Karteikarten
Sensory Receptors and PNS
Karten in diesem Stapel (158)
- 1Sensory receptors detect what?Various stimuli and produce receptor potentials
- 2Sensory receptors are based on?Type of stimuli they are most sensitive to
- 3Chemoreceptors sense?smell, taste, PH, metabolite concentration (chemical)
- 4Photoreceptors are for what?Retina
- 5Thermoreceptors sense what?Temperature
- 6Mechanoreceptors sense what?physical deformation, touch, muscle tension, auditory vestibular receptors
- 7Noriceptors sense what?pain
- 8Which of the receptors is most varied?Mechanoreceptors
- 9When multiple receptors combine, what kind of sensation is produced?Richer and more complex
- 10Is somatosensation varied?Yes
- 11What are some divisions of somatosensation?Mechanical, chemical, thermal
- 12Somatic sensory system mediates what?The most diverse range of sensations
- 13What are examples of somatic sensory sensations?fine touch, crude touch, pressure, proprioception, heat, cold, pain
- 14What are the most sensitive types of receptors?Mechanoreceptors
- 15All sensations are transducer by specialized PNS/CNS receptors?PNS
- 16How are sensations transducer?From PNS to specific CNS targets
- 17What are anatomically and functionally distinct for the variety of receptor systems?Their neural pathways.
- 18Where does somatic sensation arise?from activity at endings of sensory nerve fibers - denritic process
- 19Somatic sensation arises from nerve fibers in two places... __ and __.Skin and muscle
- 20Where do cell bodies of sensory neurons reside? (two places)ganglia alongside spinal cord and brainstem
- 21What are the two ganglia where sensory neurons reside?Dorsal root ganglia and cranial nerve ganglia
- 22Action potentials generated at the peripheral end along what fiber past a cell body and terminate where?In the terminal CNS structure
- 23What is transduction?Conversion of one form of energy into another
- 24Transduction converts ___ into ___. (electrical stimulus, physical stimulus, mechanical stimulus, chemical stimulus)physical stimulus into electrical signal
- 25Transduction requires a stimulus to be converted so what system can understand it's impulse?Nervous system
- 26What is sensory transduction?Conversion or pressure, touch, heat, etc. into neural impulse
- 27What is one form of energy?Stimulus
- 28What are examples of receptor potentials?heat, pressure, pain, touch...
- 29Nature and location of a stimulus indicate what?What receptors will respond
- 30What is needed to indicate the size and duration of the receptor potential produced?Intensity and duration
- 31Intensity can be?low or high
- 32Are all receptors the same in sensitivity?No; some are more and some are less.
- 33Do all receptors produce long or short responses?Varied.
- 34Can a receptor produce a short response even if the stimulus is maintained?Yes.
- 35Do receptors respond to a variety or stimuli?No; they respond to only one kind.
- 36How are receptor potentials produced? (ion channels)Opening and closing of channels.
- 37Sensory receptors are analogous to what?postsynaptic membranes
- 38Most post synaptic membranes and their adequate stimulus can be analogous to what?Neurotransmitters
- 39If a receptor contacts the next cell that is close to the site of transduction, what happens?the receptor potential can modulate the rate of neurotransmitter released, causing a postynaptic potential and a change in action potential frequency.
- 40If a receptor is far from the next cell, the receptor potential will do what?Die out; but usually it can cause an action potential in the receptor. The frequency of the action potential is also modulated by the receptor potential.
- 41What is the difference between a close and far receptor potential?Whether a synapse will occur.
- 42Can a receptor potential become an action potential?Yes.
- 43Define what a receptive field is?particular areas in the periphery where application of an adequate stimulus causes them to respond.
- 44Does a receptive field respond to everything?No; stimulus must be big enough to trigger the field.
- 45Are receptive fields the same size?No; can be big or small.
- 46When there is no obvious spatial domain in a receptive field, how does it sense stimuli?the array of receptors have a systematic representation of parameters (i.e.: sound in the cochlea and auditory cortex).
- 47What does a receptive field require to notice a stimulus? (2)1. have to be big enough to be detected
2. has to be within the receptive field to be detected. - 48Receptive fields correspond to: efferent/afferent fibers?Afferent.
- 49Receptive fields correspond to single/multiple afferent fibers?single
- 50Which has smaller receptive fields: fine touch/crude touchFine
- 51Where do fine touch have small receptive fields than crude touch?because of fewer branches and denser innervation
- 52What receptive fields are the finest?lips, tongue, fingers
- 53Give an example of a receptor field with spatial domain?Fingers, lips, tongue.
- 54give an example of an area with no spacial domain?hair cells (the respond to frequency)
- 55Do neuros in high orders (such as the thalamus or cortical neurons) have receptive fields?Yes
- 56Are higher order RF more or less complex?More.
- 57What does the visual cortex respond to?edges with particular orientation
- 58How can you test for a receptive field?A two point discrimination test
- 59What do you use to do a two-point discrimination test?Calipers
- 60If a caliper has a perception of two points, what does this indicate?Activation of different fibers
- 61If a caliper has only one point indicated, what does this mean?The two points are within one receptive field
- 62Sensory receptor adaptation: become more/less sensitive during maintained stimulus?Less
- 63What is the exception of becoming less sensitive to a stimulus with continued exposure?Pain (nociceptors)
- 64What are slowly adapting receptors suitable for?static position, size, shape, duration
- 65What are rapidly adapting receptors good for?change and movement of stimuli
- 66Adaptation takes place at CNS/PNS level?PNS
- 67Does the CNS regulate sensitivity of receptors?Yes; moment-to-moment basis
- 68What does the CNS do to regulate moment-to-moment sensitivity?controls amount of light to retinas
- 69CNS control over sensitivity or receptors is bottom up / top down / both?Top down control
- 70Slowly adapting sensitivity, is short/long; continual/fades?Long, continual
- 71Rapidly adapting sensory response is short/long, continual/brief?short, brief
- 72Afferent fibers of different receptors also differ in what?diameter
myelination - 73What does the largest afferent supply?Receptors in muscles
- 74What do intermediate diameter fibers mediate?touch
- 75What do the smallest afferent fibers mediate?Temperature and pain
- 76How many kinds of touch receptors do we have?4
- 77What are the four kinds of touch receptor sensory function?proprioception, touch, pain/temperature, pain/temperature/itch
- 78Receptor type: muscle spindle function?proprioception
- 79receptor type: free nerve ending and the smallest kind. function?pain/temperature/itch
- 80receptor type: merkel, meissner, pacinian, and ruff ini cells. function?touch
- 81Receptor type: free nerve ending, A theta function?pain and temperature
- 82What is the largest receptor type based on axon diameter?muscle spindle
- 83Second largest sensory fiber axon diameter belongs to what receptor type?merkel, meissner, pacinian, ruffini
- 84Do both free nerve endings have myelin?No; smallest does not
- 85Are all afferent fiber endings covered in myelin?No. Some are and some aren't.
- 86Encapsulated means?have layers of myelin
- 87What do capsules serve to do?mechanical filter, modifying the mechanical stimuli before it reaches the end.
- 88Afferents with specialized/encapsulated receptors are: slow/rapidly adapting and generally have lower/high thresholds for AP?rapidly, lower
- 89Where ar free nerve endings (non encapsulated) found?formed by branching terminations of sensory fibers in the skin... no obvious specialization around them. Found throughout the body.
- 90What are the four kinds of tactile receptors in the skin?Meissner, merkel, ruffini, pacinan
- 91If a receptor has a bigger field, density will be higher/lower?Lower
- 92If a receptor has a high density, the field will be bigger/smaller?Smaller
- 93What are the two big receptor field cells?Pacinian and Ruffini
- 94What are the two smaller receptor fields?Merkel and Meissner
- 95Merkel sensory function?Form and texture perception
- 96Meissner sensory function?Motion detection; grip control
- 97Pacinian sensory function?Tool use; perception of distant events
- 98Ruffini sensory function?Hand shape, motion, direction
- 99Which has a smaller receptive field, merkel or meissner?Merkel (9mm)
- 100Which cell has a receptor field of the entire finger/hand?Pacinian
- 101Merkel cells are rapidly/slowly adapting fibers?Slowly
- 102Merkel cells account for 15, 25, 35 % of mechanoreceptors in the hand?25%
- 103Where are Merkel cells most densely located?fingertips
- 104Merkel cells have high spatial resolution for detecting what? (3)edges
points
curvature (texture) - 105Meissner cells are slowly/rapdily adapting?Rapidly
- 106Meissner account for 10, 30, 40, 60% of receptors in hand?40%
- 107Meissner receptor field is bigger/smaller than Merkel?Bigger
- 108Meissner is most sensitive to skin ___?Deformation
- 109Meissner is highly sensitive to ___?Vibration (motion detection when things move across the skin)
- 110Detecting slippage between skin and object is a role for: Merkel, Meissner?Meissner
- 111Pacinian receptor field is slowly/rapidly adapting?Rapidly
- 112Pacinian accounts for , 5, 10, 15% of receptors in the hand?15%
- 113Pacinian is an onion like structure found where in the hand?Deep
- 114Pacinian is most sensitive to what?Tiny skin displacements, such as detecting tiny vibrations from tool use
- 115Ruffini is a slowly/rapidly adapting receptor?Slowly
- 116Ruffini accounts for 10, 15, 20, 25% of receptors?20%
- 117Ruffini provides information about what?hand shape and finger position; sensitive to movements
- 118Do non-nociceptive thermal receptors discharge at greater rates if pain is induced?no
- 119When do nociceptors respond?When stimulus reaches intensive levels and continues to increase
- 120How many types of pain conduction fibers are there?2
- 121What are the two types of nociceptors?A delta and C fiber
- 122Which pain fiber is this: rapidly conducting; respond to dangerously intense mechanical and/or thermal stimuli; thinly myeliniated; more selective to the type of stimuli?A delta; "first pain" or "delta pain"
- 123Which pain fiber is this? is unmyelinated, polymodal and respond to thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuliC fiber - "slow pain" or "aching pain"
- 124Which responds to more kinds of stimulus: a delta or c fiber? why?C fiber.
Unmyelinated and slower. - 125Which respond to sharp first pain?A delta
- 126Which pain is diffused and lasts longer?C fiber pain
- 127Pain pathways are located where?Dorsal root ganglia and cranial nerve ganglia
- 128Pain enters the spinal cord, processes run up and down several levels to provide contact with what?1st neuron
- 129What do second order neurons do in pain pathways?Decussate and ascent in ventrolateral quadrant of spinal cord
- 130Spinal cord carries pain to where?Medulla
- 131Pain ends in the ___ (location) call ___ (tract)anterolateral system and spinothalamic tract
- 132Does the pain pathway always/sometimes/never decussate?Always
- 133Does pain decussate in dorsal?No... in spinal cord 2nd neuon
- 134Proprioception is about information received from?limbs, muscle force, muscle tension, joint stress
- 135What is another meaning for proprioception?receptors for self
- 136Vestibuloreceptors convey information about what?head position
- 137We understand proprioception from studying what?Muscle spindles
- 138Muscle spindles are found in most skeletal muscles EXCEPT? (2)Face and larynx
- 139Muscle spindle is a capsule of what?specialized muscle fibers
- 140Muscle spindles are activated how?stretching of fibers
- 141Jaw/tongue have sparse/dense muscle spindles?Dense
- 142Golgi tendon organs are activated how?Changes in muscle tension
- 143Are golgi tendon organs activated with high or low threshold mechanoreceptors?low
- 144Golgi tensors are between what?muscle fibers and tendons
- 145Muscle contraction ___ golgi tendon organsstretches
- 146there are few/many golgi tendon organs in the face/pharynxfew
- 147Somatosensory information is _ neuron pathway?3
- 148Neuon pathway for somatosensory information is?1. muscle spindle
2. spinal cord
3. thalamus - 149The spinal cord has how many types of sensation? What are they?3.
1. propreoception
2. touch/pressure
3. pain - 150Which decussate? proprioception/pain/touch and pressure?pain
- 151Primary afferents carrying tactile and proprioceptive information synapse where?posterior column nuclei of ipsilateral medulla
- 152second-order neurons then cross the midline and form the?meial lemniscus, and ascent to the VPL nucleus of thalamus
- 153Third order neurons project the somatosensory information ?cortex of the post central gyrus
- 154Spinothalamic tract: has whatpain, temperature, and some touch/pressure afferents
- 155spinothalamic tract: 2nd order fibers cross the midline forming? and ascent to?spinothalamic tract
VPL nucleus of the thalamus - 156Spinothalamic tract: thalamic cells project somatosensory cortex of thepostcentral gyrus, insula, and other cortical areas
- 157Damage to the spinal cord at level of the ventral horn will cause diminution of ___ on the ___ side to the lesion and diminution of ___ to the ___ side of the lesiontouch on the ipsilateral
pain to the contralateral - 158Damage rostral to the medulla would cause diminution of ___ and ___ on the ___ side of the lesionpain and touch on the contralateral
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- Beschreibung
- Neuro Final Karteikarten am Sensory Receptors and PNS, erstellt von mathieteal am 05/12/2014.
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- mathieteal
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