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Flashcards

Sensory Receptors and PNS

mathieteal Neuro Final English 158 cards

Cards in this deck (158)

  1. 1Sensory receptors detect what?Various stimuli and produce receptor potentials
  2. 2Sensory receptors are based on?Type of stimuli they are most sensitive to
  3. 3Chemoreceptors sense?smell, taste, PH, metabolite concentration (chemical)
  4. 4Photoreceptors are for what?Retina
  5. 5Thermoreceptors sense what?Temperature
  6. 6Mechanoreceptors sense what?physical deformation, touch, muscle tension, auditory vestibular receptors
  7. 7Noriceptors sense what?pain
  8. 8Which of the receptors is most varied?Mechanoreceptors
  9. 9When multiple receptors combine, what kind of sensation is produced?Richer and more complex
  10. 10Is somatosensation varied?Yes
  11. 11What are some divisions of somatosensation?Mechanical, chemical, thermal
  12. 12Somatic sensory system mediates what?The most diverse range of sensations
  13. 13What are examples of somatic sensory sensations?fine touch, crude touch, pressure, proprioception, heat, cold, pain
  14. 14What are the most sensitive types of receptors?Mechanoreceptors
  15. 15All sensations are transducer by specialized PNS/CNS receptors?PNS
  16. 16How are sensations transducer?From PNS to specific CNS targets
  17. 17What are anatomically and functionally distinct for the variety of receptor systems?Their neural pathways.
  18. 18Where does somatic sensation arise?from activity at endings of sensory nerve fibers - denritic process
  19. 19Somatic sensation arises from nerve fibers in two places... __ and __.Skin and muscle
  20. 20Where do cell bodies of sensory neurons reside? (two places)ganglia alongside spinal cord and brainstem
  21. 21What are the two ganglia where sensory neurons reside?Dorsal root ganglia and cranial nerve ganglia
  22. 22Action potentials generated at the peripheral end along what fiber past a cell body and terminate where?In the terminal CNS structure
  23. 23What is transduction?Conversion of one form of energy into another
  24. 24Transduction converts ___ into ___. (electrical stimulus, physical stimulus, mechanical stimulus, chemical stimulus)physical stimulus into electrical signal
  25. 25Transduction requires a stimulus to be converted so what system can understand it's impulse?Nervous system
  26. 26What is sensory transduction?Conversion or pressure, touch, heat, etc. into neural impulse
  27. 27What is one form of energy?Stimulus
  28. 28What are examples of receptor potentials?heat, pressure, pain, touch...
  29. 29Nature and location of a stimulus indicate what?What receptors will respond
  30. 30What is needed to indicate the size and duration of the receptor potential produced?Intensity and duration
  31. 31Intensity can be?low or high
  32. 32Are all receptors the same in sensitivity?No; some are more and some are less.
  33. 33Do all receptors produce long or short responses?Varied.
  34. 34Can a receptor produce a short response even if the stimulus is maintained?Yes.
  35. 35Do receptors respond to a variety or stimuli?No; they respond to only one kind.
  36. 36How are receptor potentials produced? (ion channels)Opening and closing of channels.
  37. 37Sensory receptors are analogous to what?postsynaptic membranes
  38. 38Most post synaptic membranes and their adequate stimulus can be analogous to what?Neurotransmitters
  39. 39If a receptor contacts the next cell that is close to the site of transduction, what happens?the receptor potential can modulate the rate of neurotransmitter released, causing a postynaptic potential and a change in action potential frequency.
  40. 40If a receptor is far from the next cell, the receptor potential will do what?Die out; but usually it can cause an action potential in the receptor. The frequency of the action potential is also modulated by the receptor potential.
  41. 41What is the difference between a close and far receptor potential?Whether a synapse will occur.
  42. 42Can a receptor potential become an action potential?Yes.
  43. 43Define what a receptive field is?particular areas in the periphery where application of an adequate stimulus causes them to respond.
  44. 44Does a receptive field respond to everything?No; stimulus must be big enough to trigger the field.
  45. 45Are receptive fields the same size?No; can be big or small.
  46. 46When there is no obvious spatial domain in a receptive field, how does it sense stimuli?the array of receptors have a systematic representation of parameters (i.e.: sound in the cochlea and auditory cortex).
  47. 47What does a receptive field require to notice a stimulus? (2)1. have to be big enough to be detected
    2. has to be within the receptive field to be detected.
  48. 48Receptive fields correspond to: efferent/afferent fibers?Afferent.
  49. 49Receptive fields correspond to single/multiple afferent fibers?single
  50. 50Which has smaller receptive fields: fine touch/crude touchFine
  51. 51Where do fine touch have small receptive fields than crude touch?because of fewer branches and denser innervation
  52. 52What receptive fields are the finest?lips, tongue, fingers
  53. 53Give an example of a receptor field with spatial domain?Fingers, lips, tongue.
  54. 54give an example of an area with no spacial domain?hair cells (the respond to frequency)
  55. 55Do neuros in high orders (such as the thalamus or cortical neurons) have receptive fields?Yes
  56. 56Are higher order RF more or less complex?More.
  57. 57What does the visual cortex respond to?edges with particular orientation
  58. 58How can you test for a receptive field?A two point discrimination test
  59. 59What do you use to do a two-point discrimination test?Calipers
  60. 60If a caliper has a perception of two points, what does this indicate?Activation of different fibers
  61. 61If a caliper has only one point indicated, what does this mean?The two points are within one receptive field
  62. 62Sensory receptor adaptation: become more/less sensitive during maintained stimulus?Less
  63. 63What is the exception of becoming less sensitive to a stimulus with continued exposure?Pain (nociceptors)
  64. 64What are slowly adapting receptors suitable for?static position, size, shape, duration
  65. 65What are rapidly adapting receptors good for?change and movement of stimuli
  66. 66Adaptation takes place at CNS/PNS level?PNS
  67. 67Does the CNS regulate sensitivity of receptors?Yes; moment-to-moment basis
  68. 68What does the CNS do to regulate moment-to-moment sensitivity?controls amount of light to retinas
  69. 69CNS control over sensitivity or receptors is bottom up / top down / both?Top down control
  70. 70Slowly adapting sensitivity, is short/long; continual/fades?Long, continual
  71. 71Rapidly adapting sensory response is short/long, continual/brief?short, brief
  72. 72Afferent fibers of different receptors also differ in what?diameter
    myelination
  73. 73What does the largest afferent supply?Receptors in muscles
  74. 74What do intermediate diameter fibers mediate?touch
  75. 75What do the smallest afferent fibers mediate?Temperature and pain
  76. 76How many kinds of touch receptors do we have?4
  77. 77What are the four kinds of touch receptor sensory function?proprioception, touch, pain/temperature, pain/temperature/itch
  78. 78Receptor type: muscle spindle function?proprioception
  79. 79receptor type: free nerve ending and the smallest kind. function?pain/temperature/itch
  80. 80receptor type: merkel, meissner, pacinian, and ruff ini cells. function?touch
  81. 81Receptor type: free nerve ending, A theta function?pain and temperature
  82. 82What is the largest receptor type based on axon diameter?muscle spindle
  83. 83Second largest sensory fiber axon diameter belongs to what receptor type?merkel, meissner, pacinian, ruffini
  84. 84Do both free nerve endings have myelin?No; smallest does not
  85. 85Are all afferent fiber endings covered in myelin?No. Some are and some aren't.
  86. 86Encapsulated means?have layers of myelin
  87. 87What do capsules serve to do?mechanical filter, modifying the mechanical stimuli before it reaches the end.
  88. 88Afferents with specialized/encapsulated receptors are: slow/rapidly adapting and generally have lower/high thresholds for AP?rapidly, lower
  89. 89Where ar free nerve endings (non encapsulated) found?formed by branching terminations of sensory fibers in the skin... no obvious specialization around them. Found throughout the body.
  90. 90What are the four kinds of tactile receptors in the skin?Meissner, merkel, ruffini, pacinan
  91. 91If a receptor has a bigger field, density will be higher/lower?Lower
  92. 92If a receptor has a high density, the field will be bigger/smaller?Smaller
  93. 93What are the two big receptor field cells?Pacinian and Ruffini
  94. 94What are the two smaller receptor fields?Merkel and Meissner
  95. 95Merkel sensory function?Form and texture perception
  96. 96Meissner sensory function?Motion detection; grip control
  97. 97Pacinian sensory function?Tool use; perception of distant events
  98. 98Ruffini sensory function?Hand shape, motion, direction
  99. 99Which has a smaller receptive field, merkel or meissner?Merkel (9mm)
  100. 100Which cell has a receptor field of the entire finger/hand?Pacinian
  101. 101Merkel cells are rapidly/slowly adapting fibers?Slowly
  102. 102Merkel cells account for 15, 25, 35 % of mechanoreceptors in the hand?25%
  103. 103Where are Merkel cells most densely located?fingertips
  104. 104Merkel cells have high spatial resolution for detecting what? (3)edges
    points
    curvature (texture)
  105. 105Meissner cells are slowly/rapdily adapting?Rapidly
  106. 106Meissner account for 10, 30, 40, 60% of receptors in hand?40%
  107. 107Meissner receptor field is bigger/smaller than Merkel?Bigger
  108. 108Meissner is most sensitive to skin ___?Deformation
  109. 109Meissner is highly sensitive to ___?Vibration (motion detection when things move across the skin)
  110. 110Detecting slippage between skin and object is a role for: Merkel, Meissner?Meissner
  111. 111Pacinian receptor field is slowly/rapidly adapting?Rapidly
  112. 112Pacinian accounts for , 5, 10, 15% of receptors in the hand?15%
  113. 113Pacinian is an onion like structure found where in the hand?Deep
  114. 114Pacinian is most sensitive to what?Tiny skin displacements, such as detecting tiny vibrations from tool use
  115. 115Ruffini is a slowly/rapidly adapting receptor?Slowly
  116. 116Ruffini accounts for 10, 15, 20, 25% of receptors?20%
  117. 117Ruffini provides information about what?hand shape and finger position; sensitive to movements
  118. 118Do non-nociceptive thermal receptors discharge at greater rates if pain is induced?no
  119. 119When do nociceptors respond?When stimulus reaches intensive levels and continues to increase
  120. 120How many types of pain conduction fibers are there?2
  121. 121What are the two types of nociceptors?A delta and C fiber
  122. 122Which pain fiber is this: rapidly conducting; respond to dangerously intense mechanical and/or thermal stimuli; thinly myeliniated; more selective to the type of stimuli?A delta; "first pain" or "delta pain"
  123. 123Which pain fiber is this? is unmyelinated, polymodal and respond to thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuliC fiber - "slow pain" or "aching pain"
  124. 124Which responds to more kinds of stimulus: a delta or c fiber? why?C fiber.
    Unmyelinated and slower.
  125. 125Which respond to sharp first pain?A delta
  126. 126Which pain is diffused and lasts longer?C fiber pain
  127. 127Pain pathways are located where?Dorsal root ganglia and cranial nerve ganglia
  128. 128Pain enters the spinal cord, processes run up and down several levels to provide contact with what?1st neuron
  129. 129What do second order neurons do in pain pathways?Decussate and ascent in ventrolateral quadrant of spinal cord
  130. 130Spinal cord carries pain to where?Medulla
  131. 131Pain ends in the ___ (location) call ___ (tract)anterolateral system and spinothalamic tract
  132. 132Does the pain pathway always/sometimes/never decussate?Always
  133. 133Does pain decussate in dorsal?No... in spinal cord 2nd neuon
  134. 134Proprioception is about information received from?limbs, muscle force, muscle tension, joint stress
  135. 135What is another meaning for proprioception?receptors for self
  136. 136Vestibuloreceptors convey information about what?head position
  137. 137We understand proprioception from studying what?Muscle spindles
  138. 138Muscle spindles are found in most skeletal muscles EXCEPT? (2)Face and larynx
  139. 139Muscle spindle is a capsule of what?specialized muscle fibers
  140. 140Muscle spindles are activated how?stretching of fibers
  141. 141Jaw/tongue have sparse/dense muscle spindles?Dense
  142. 142Golgi tendon organs are activated how?Changes in muscle tension
  143. 143Are golgi tendon organs activated with high or low threshold mechanoreceptors?low
  144. 144Golgi tensors are between what?muscle fibers and tendons
  145. 145Muscle contraction ___ golgi tendon organsstretches
  146. 146there are few/many golgi tendon organs in the face/pharynxfew
  147. 147Somatosensory information is _ neuron pathway?3
  148. 148Neuon pathway for somatosensory information is?1. muscle spindle
    2. spinal cord
    3. thalamus
  149. 149The spinal cord has how many types of sensation? What are they?3.
    1. propreoception
    2. touch/pressure
    3. pain
  150. 150Which decussate? proprioception/pain/touch and pressure?pain
  151. 151Primary afferents carrying tactile and proprioceptive information synapse where?posterior column nuclei of ipsilateral medulla
  152. 152second-order neurons then cross the midline and form the?meial lemniscus, and ascent to the VPL nucleus of thalamus
  153. 153Third order neurons project the somatosensory information ?cortex of the post central gyrus
  154. 154Spinothalamic tract: has whatpain, temperature, and some touch/pressure afferents
  155. 155spinothalamic tract: 2nd order fibers cross the midline forming? and ascent to?spinothalamic tract
    VPL nucleus of the thalamus
  156. 156Spinothalamic tract: thalamic cells project somatosensory cortex of thepostcentral gyrus, insula, and other cortical areas
  157. 157Damage to the spinal cord at level of the ventral horn will cause diminution of ___ on the ___ side to the lesion and diminution of ___ to the ___ side of the lesiontouch on the ipsilateral
    pain to the contralateral
  158. 158Damage rostral to the medulla would cause diminution of ___ and ___ on the ___ side of the lesionpain and touch on the contralateral

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Neuro Final Flashcards on Sensory Receptors and PNS, created by mathieteal on 05/12/2014.
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