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IB Geography Topic 1 Populations in Transition (SL)
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- 11.1 At what rate is the global population growing and what does this mean?The global population is growing exponentially, which means that it is growing at an increasing rate.
- 21.1 Name one fact in terms of population size.The global population reached 7 billion in November 2011.
- 31.1 Generally speaking where is most of the global population growth occurring?Most of the world's population growth is occuring in LEDCs, where as the population growth in MEDCs has peaked and is now seeing a decrease.
- 41.1 What does Malthus argue/state?He argues that the populations exponential growth will soon overtake the arithemtic rate of food production. The world will be subject to terrible repercussions such as famine, disease and war.
- 51.1 What are the two main things that affect population size?Birth rate and Death rate
- 61.1 Define Crude Birth Rate (CBR)The number of births per 1000 of population within a country.
- 71.1 Define Crude Death Rate (CDR)The number of deaths per 1000 of population within a country.
- 81.1 Define population distributionThe way a population is spread out. Populations may be distributed even or unevenly, however virtually all populations are distributed unevenly due to human and physcial factors (eg. water availability, jobs) => push & pull factors
- 91.1 Define population densityThe number of people living per km2. Countries like Singapore and Hong Kong have a very high population density, whereas countries such as Russia and Australia have quite low population densities,
- 101.1 Define age specific birth rateThe number of births per 1000 of population for a specific age group
- 111.1 Define general fertility rateThe number of births per 1000 women of childbearing age (15-49 years)
- 121.1 Define Total fertility rateThe number of babies a women is expected to have in her lifetime. The total fertility rate tends to fall as a country develops.
- 131.1 Define the reproductive age range (child bearing age)Any woman between puberty and menopause may have a child. However, it usually means any woman between the ages of 15 and 49
- 141.1 Define replacement rateThe total fertility rate needed for a country to replace and maintain its current population. Th replacement rate is about 2.1
- 151.1 Define Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)The number of deaths of infants under 1 year old per 1000 of births a year.
- 161.1 Define Child Mortality Rate (CMR)The number of deaths of children under 5 years per 1000 of births per year (excluding abortions, miscarriages and stillbirths).
- 171.1 Define age specific death rateThe number of deaths per 1000 of population per year for a specific age group.
- 181.1 Define life expectancy and give both ends of the spectrumThe average age someone is expected to live when they are born. Japan is the highest with 87, followed by Spain Switzerland and Singapore. Sierra Leone has the lowest with 46 followed by Lesotho, Chad and Angola.
- 191.1 What are the reasons for low birth rates in MEDCs?Expense of children
Low IMR and CMR
Increased gender equality in the workplace has envouraged women to establish careers befoe having children
Family planning education and contraception availability - 201.1 What are the reasons for high birth rates in LEDCs?Lack of access to contraception and family planning services
Higher IMR and CMR due to infectious diseases such as Cholera and AIDS
Lack of state pensions means that elderly have to rely on children to be provided for - 211.1 What are the reasons for increasing death rates in MEDCs?Increasing amount of elderly people which means that more people die of old age, despite advancesin medical care
Diet and lifestyle changes lead to increased occurrences of diseases of affluence such as Cancer. - 221.1 What are the reasons for falling death rates in LEDCs?Improvements in Health Care
Better diet
Improved sanitation
Improvements in housing means that spread of disease is reduced - 231.1 How does age affect death rate and life expectancy?The very young and the very old are the most vulnerable to disease, malnourishment and natural disasters.
- 241.1 How does gender affect death rates and life expectancy?In nearly every country women tend to live longer than men (5-10 years). It is believed that this is due to biological reasons (later onset of cardiovascular diseases) and lifestyle choices (men cause damage to themselves through smoking and drinking)
- 251.1 How does location affect death rates and life expectancy?If you are borninto developed, literate and peaceful country such as Japan, you will live much longer and less people will die.
If you are born into a poor, drought and famine-ridden country which is at war such as Somalia you will live shorter and more people will die. - 261.1 How does occupation affect death rates and life expectancy?Some jobs are more mentally and physically demanding than others. A job that keeps people active may prolong health, but if it is also dangerous like mining then it might shorten life.
Some jobs like teaching are said to be stressful and may reduce life expectancy. - 271.1 How does nourishment affect death rates and life expectancy?If you are undernourished you are more vulnerable to diseases. If a whole country suffers from famine, the death rate will increase dramatically.
Malnourishment can also increase death rates. This is having a bad diet that may be too rich in salt/fats, thus increasing cardiovascular disease. - 281.1 How does literacy affect death rates and life expectancy?Literacy is usually used to define the level of education. A certain level of education not only gives you better job prospects but also allows you to know how to care for yourself (eg. diet, health).
- 291.1 What are the general trends for a population pyramid of a developed nation?Narrow base
Steep Sides
Tall
Large middle
Column-shaped - 301.1 What are the general trends for a population pyramid of a developing nationWide base
Sloping sides
Short
Pyramid-shaped - 311.1 Define population momentumThe continued growth of a population after the national fertility rate is either equal or below the replacement rate of 2.1. This happens if there is a large amount of people in the reproductive age range.
(Canada, Brazil, Turkey Algeria, China, South Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Iran) - 321.1 Define population projectionsA prediction of future populations based on current trends of mortality, fertility and migration.
- 331.1 What are the reasons for the UN making population projections?To better allocate and distribute resources
To target family planning and medical care more effectively
To predict population crises (eg. famine, refugee problems)
To advise governments and NGOs - 341.2 In what three groups can a country's population be divided into?Young Economically-dependent, economically active, old economically dependent
- 351.2 How is a country's dependency ratio calculated?(Dependent population/population of working age) x 100
- 361.2 For which reason may a country's dependency ratio increase?Increasing life expectancy
Falling death rates
Rising birth rates
Immigration of dependants
Emigration of economically active - 371.2 Define Ageing PopulationA rise in the median age of the population usually associated with an increase in the proportion of old dependants.
- 381.2 What are the causes of an Ageing population?High Life Expectancy caused by:
good medical care
good diet and improved water supply
good sanitation and hygiene
Low birth rates caused by:
emanciptation of women
cost of children
emigration of economically active - 391.2 What are the negative impacts of an Ageing population?Shortage of economically active =>economic depression
Reduced taxation income for the government
Cost of providing health care and care homes
Reduced spending on education, policing, transport networks
Cost of paying for pensions
Service declined (exclusive of services used by elderly) - 401.2 What are the positive impacts of an Ageing population?Elderly people have a lot of experience and can be valuable in the workplace
Less money spent on schooling and natal care
Lower crime rate and less money needed to be spent on policing - 411.2 What are the pros of having elderly workers?Will have a lot of experience in the workplace
Will not take paternity/maternity leave
Will often be more loyal and seen as reliable
Will be more willing to work part/flexi-time and so companies can alter staff to meet demand - 421.2 What are the cons of elderly workers?Might be necessary to retrain staff in new skills (eg. ICT)
More likely to get sick - paymore for health insurance
Harder to invest in because they could retire at any time
Unable to work any manual/physical jobs - 431.2 Name an example of an Ageing population and state two facts about itUK:
In 2014, 17.5% of the UK population were over 65.
Expected to rise to 25% in 2041.
Their elderly dependency ratio was 27.6% in 2014. - 441.2 What are the reasons for this ageing population?Increasing life expectancy - between 1980 and 2006 life expectancy rose 4yr for men and 2.8yr for women; current is M 78.3 and W 82.7 (2014)
Baby Boom - Lots of babies were born between the 40's and the 60's. These large generations are starting to retire
Falling Birth Rate - There are fewer young people so the proprtion of old people is getting larger - 451.2 What are the negative impacts of this upon your selected country?Pressure on Pension system - State pensions are paid by the working population through taxes --> not enough working population
Many elderly are living in poverty because they don't have other savings but the state pension
Pressure on health service - In 2005 the national average stay in hospital was 8 nights, for 75+ it was 13 nights - 461.2 Define youthful populationA fall in the median age of the population usually associated with an increase in the proportion of young dependents
- 471.2 What are the causes of a youthful population?High birth rates caused by:
Lack of family planning
No education about contraception
High IMR
No care for old dependents
Tradition and status of large families (prestige)
Other causes:
Immigration of young dependents
Primary based economy
Low life expectancy - 481.2 What are the negative impacts of a youthful population?Cost of child care and education
Increased dependency ratio
Increased cost of children's benefits paid by thegovernment
Shortage of workers (short-term)
Cost of healthcare (midwives, etc.) - 491.2 What are the positive impacts of a youthful population?Abundance of workers in the future
Large future market (young people are interested in new consumer goods)
Dependency Ratio will fall drastically in future - 501.2 Name an example of a youthful population and state two factsUganda:
in 2014, 49% were under 15 and 2% were 65+
Total dependency ratio of 102.4% in 2014 - 511.2 What are the reasons for this youthful population?High Birth and feritlity rates:
In 2014, 44 babies were born for every 1000 of population
6 children are born per woman
Low Life expectancy:
In 2014, life expectancy was 54yrs
11 deaths per 1000 of population - 521.2 What are the negative impacts of a youthful population on the case-study example?Overpopulation:
Pop. currently stands at 36 million but is meant to reach 56 million in 2025
Pressure on Helath Service:
310 deaths per 100,000 live births (maternal)
When youthful population reach reproductive age, pressure will be even greater
AIDS prevalence rate amongst adults is 7.2%. It can be spread from mother to child thus possibly increasing the affect population every birth
Unemployment:
Unemploeyment may rise as the job demands aren't meant due to lack of foreign investment - 531.2 Define population policyMeasures taken by a government to influence the way its population is changing.
- 541.2 What are the two types of population policies?Pro-natalist and Anti-Natalist
- 551.2 Define pro-natalist policyA population policy that aims to increase total birth and fertility rates.
You can't force people to have children, but you can offer incentives (eg. free education) - 561.2 What are the two reasons for which a government may want to introduce pro-natalist policies?They have an ageing population
OR
They have a shortage of economically active - 571.2 Name a country that has pro-natalist policies and metion background informationSingapore:
Lowest fertility rate in the world with 0.8 births per woman (2014), well below the replacement ratio of 2.1
36% of the population is made up of foreign nationals and in the industry sector 80% are foreign - 581.2 What are the key features of the casestudy's population policy?1. Increased maternity leave by 50% to 12 weeks, covering the cost of the first 4 babies--> job security increased.
2. Increase in child benefits paid to families. $1000 paid for 6 years into special account--> cost of children is less.
3. Government sponsors dating organisation to encourage people to start dating, getting married earlier and thus having children earlier, current median age at first birth is 29.8. - 591.2 What are the successes of the pro-natalist policy introduced by the case-study country?Singapore's population is projected to rise to 5.4 million by 2025.
A slight rise in the Total Fertility Rate was experienced in the initial years following the new policy. - 601.2 What are the failures of the mentioned pro-natalist policy?Purely monetary policies are unlikely to work as a social mindset has to be changed.
Increase in fertility was short-lived, continued the general downwards trend
Not all companies are accpeting as a long maternity leave in a small workforce is destructive
Government attempts to change social mindsets are perceived as overly controlling and decision-limiting, thus worsening the situation - 611.2 Define Anti-natalist policyA policy that tries to reduce birth rates.
This can be done through better education on family planning and better provision of contraception or a more rigid forced
policy - 621.2 What are the two reasons for which an anti-natalist policy would be introduced?Overpopulation
OR
Youthful population - 631.2 Name a country which has introduced anti-natalist policy and mention background informationChina:
Largest population in the world with 1.3 billion.
China is the 3 largest country in the world but only 10% is suitable for arable farming. - 641.2 Name the key features of the anti-natalist policyOne-Child-Policy introduced in 1980
Policy provided rewards and benefits for families that decided to only have one child
Policy mainly focused in urban areas where largest young population is
Additional healthcare were granted for one-child-families as well as priority housing allocation, education provision and extra food rations - 651.2 How was the one-child policy enforced?The policy was strictly enforced and there were punishments for people who did not follow the policy including fines, loss of jobs, removal of education and health rights for children and for women caught to be pregnant with a second child forced abortion and sterilization.
• At the same time as punishing offenders the government was also promoting the use of contraception and encouraging people to get married later.
• There are also some exceptions to the rule, families in rural areas were often allowed two children where people were needed to work on the land and ethnic groups were also allowed two children. - 661.2 What were the successes of the one-child policy?The fertility rate was dropped from nearly 6 to about 1.7
Population growth rate has fallen from 2.61% in 1960 to 0.44% in 2014
Up to 250 million births have been prevented since 1979
Availability of contraception has increased and so birth rate will continue to fall - 671.2 What were the failures of the one-child policy?Criticisms of human rights in terms of freedom of choice and forced abortion and sterilisation.
Female infanticide has lead to an imbalanced population, 1.16 males per female
Decrease in young people --> shortage of workers
Policy was open to corruption, paying to have more babies - 681.3 Define migrationThe movement of people from one location to another
- 691.3 What are the causes of voluntary migration?Retirment
Education
Work
Medical Care
More relaxed lifestyle (many people move from UK to Australia for this reason) - 701.3 What are the causes of forced migrationNatural Disasters
Outbreaks of Disease
War
Political persecution
Drought and famine - 711.3 What is Lee's migration model?This a simple model which shows people migrate because of a combination of push and pull factors. The model also suggests that there are factors that encourage people to stay in their location and possibly factors in their desired destination which discourage them from moving there.
- 721.3 What would be Push factors in Lee's migration model?No job or poorly paid job
Food and water shortages
Poor education and medical care
Crime or conflict - 731.3 What would Pull factors in Lee's migration model be?Prospect of a better job (usually urban areas)
Lower crime rate and peace (rural)
Prospect of better education
Availability of food and water - 741.3 Which intervening obstacles may people face when migrating?No passport or visa
Shortage of money
Fear of being a victim through crime (Central Americans travelling through Mexico)
Arrest for illegal entry into countries - 751.3 What are the advantages of international immigration for the source country?Reduction in unemployment as jobs become more available
Remittances are sent home
Migrants may return with new skills
Increased political ties with migrants host country
Reduced pressure on education and healthcare system - 761.3 What are the advantages of international immigration for the host country?Brain gain - receiving skilled and educated workers
Cheap workers to fill manual jobs
Increased cultural diversity within a country
Growth of local market with growth of population - 771.3 What are the disadvantages of international immigration for the source country?Brain drain - losing educated and skilled workers
Shortage of workers especially during periods of harvest
Increase in dependency ratio as economically active emigrate
Separation of families - 781.3 What are the disadvantages of international immigration for the host country?Social tension between native population and migrants
Greater population may cause greater pollution and overcrowding
Migrants accepting lower-paid positions may cause unemployment as locals are outcompeted - 791.3 Name one example of international immigration and mention background informationSouth-East Asia to UAE:
UAE has population of 7 million, only 15% are Emirati
People are leaving South-East Asia due to overpopulation, poor access to medical care and shortage of jobs and housing - 801.3 Why are immigrants attracted to go to UAE?Many jobs in secondary and tertiary sector
UAE is relatively safe
Can still practise same religion as before (Islam) - 811.3 What are the positive impacts of immigration to the UAE?Large number of manual workers to complete construction
Economy can continue to grow, increasing the wealth of the country
UAE has been able to attract many international sports events due to growing cultural diversity (eg. Dubai Open, Dubai Sevens, Abu Dhabi Grand Prix)
Potential markets of customers has grown from 500'000 to 7 million, so business have a larger market to sell to - 821.3 What are the negative imapcts of immigration to the UAE?Racial tension between locals and migrants
Loss of culture or cultural insensitivity
A lot of migrant pay leaves UAE as remittances, so it doesn't circulate the local economy
Infrastructure has not kept up with population growth --> congestion, sewage often dumped in desert, water and electricity shortages - 831.3 Define refugeeSomeone who has been forced to leave their home and their country
- 841.3 For which reasons can people be forced to become refugees?War
Natural Disaster
Political Unrest
Persecution
Crime and Extortion - 851.3 What does IDP stand for?Internally displaced person
Someone who has been forced to leave their home and move somewhere else within their country - 861.3 What problems may refugees and IDPs face?Starvation/Dehydration:
Told to move with little to no warning
Often travel with little or no money/food
Have to travel long distances to reach safety/refugee camps
This can be devastating in hot climates
Exposure:
If they're lucky, they will have a tent to sleep in otherwise they are out in the open
Extreme change of temperatures in desert regions may kill people
Disease:
Diseases spread eaily in overcrowded areas without sanitation
Social Tensions:
Forced to countries where there are different ethnic or religious groups. This may cause tensions in environments of shortage of housing, jobs, water etc. - 871.3 Name your case-study for refugees/IDPs and mention background informationIraq's refugees:
Iraq has seen a flow of refugees from its borders over the last 100 years. However, since the American led invasion of 2003, the number of refugees
leaving Iraq and also the number of IDPs within Iraq has increased rapidly. It is
estimated that since 2003, about 2.2 million Iraqi's have left the country and a
further 2.5million have fled internally.7
• Most refugees have escaped the ongoing fighting between coalition troops and remnants of Saddam Hussein's government, but others are escaping terrorist attacks (Al Qaeda has infiltrated Iraq) and political, ethnic and religious persecution.
• The majority of refugees have moved to neighbouring countries (Syria and
Jordan), where there are similarities in language and religion and they are easily
accessible by land.
• Refugees can encounter many problems including; no job, no housing, no money, shortage of food and water, no clothes and a lack of safety. Children are also taken out of school and many people can suffer from psychological and
physical problems living in temporary conditions - 881.3 Define UrbanisationThe increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas. Urbanisation normally takes place because of rapid rural-urban migration.
- 891.3 Define Urban growth/sprawlThe growth in the size of an urban area, normally because extra houses are being built in the rural-urban finge
- 901.3 Define counter-urbanisation/suburbanisationThe movement of people
out of cities or towards the edge of cities.
People often move out or to
the edge in MEDCs to find more space and less overcrowding and
pollution.
Young families and the elderly are the most likely to counter
urbanise and suburbanise. - 911.3 Define re-urbanisationThe movement of people back towards the CBD.
Many young professionals are reurbanising in MEDCs as inner cities are
regenerated. Young people are attracted to the inner cities because it
is near where they work and close to many different forms of
entertainment - 921.3 What are push factors from rural areas?Low paid agricultural jobs
Loss of jobs due to mechanisation
Lack of services
Loss of land
Poor quality housing - 931.3 What are pull factors for urban areas?Prospect of better jobs
Better education
More housing
Better entertainment
Better services - 941.3 What are the advantages of rural-urban migration for urban areas?Cheap labour can fill low-paid jobs
Government has better control of urban areas - more people in formal economy and more being taxed
Easier to provide services like hospitals and schools - 951.3 What are the benefits of rural-urban migration for rural areas?Reduces unemployment rate
Reduces overcrowing in small schools and hospitals
Remittances may be sent back to family
Reduced pressure on limited on water/elecricity supplies - 961.3 What are the disadvantages of rural-urban migration for urban areas?Increased congestion
Causes urban sprawl as informal housing is built
Increased pollution, especially water and air due to traffic and waste
Pressure on schools and hospitals - 971.3 What are the disadvantages of rural-urban migration for rural areas?Increases dependency ratio because young and old are left behind
Shortage of workers, especially during harvest
Separation of families - 981.3 What are the Push factors from Cities in MEDCs?Congestion
Pollution
Crime
Cost of land
Small houses
Lack of green spaces
Poor quality schools - 991.3 What are the pull factors to rural areas in MEDCs?Less congestion
Bigger houses with bigger gardens
Better schools
Less crime
More green areas - 1001.3 What are the impacts of counter-urbanisation in MEDCs?Increased development in rural areas
Increase in commuters leads to congestion in rural areas
Increased prices in rural settlements
Decline of shops and services in CBD as there are more out-of-town retails parks - 1011.4 Why is female education important?Emancipation - gives women greater freedom to get an education and thus a job
If women have jobs they can contribute to the economy
Reduced fertility and birth rates
Equality - if women have the same education than they are more likely to be treated the same by families and communities - 1021.4 What problems can a lack of education cause?Dependence on husbands/fathers - maintains male dominance
High birth rates and fertility rates as women are kept in traditional roles
Lack of confidence - women will feel they can't express opinion and will stay in traditional role
Hard for women to find well-paid emplyment due to lack of education - 1031.4 Name a fact on the education biasAlthough there is now little difference between the level of female education in the Americas, Europe and Oceania. In parts of South Asia, the Middle East and Central Africa, women still receive
significantly poorer education than men.
This continued bias in male education means that 75% of the world's illiterate population are females . - 1041.4 Name a case-study for female education and mention background informationAfghanistan:
The Taliban although stating that they believed in the Islamic belief of education for males and females actually banned females from working, therefore
eliminating female teachers and girls ability to get an education.
Even though the Taliban has been overthrown and they have in theory removed their opposition to female education, girls have been attacked on the way to schools and their
schools have been burnt down. - 1051.4 State facts about FGMFemales around the world suffer from many health problems because of their sex.
• These might include undernourishment, denial of healthcare or even infanticide.
• However, one of the most unnecessary and brutal practices that women suffer from in many parts of the world is FGM
(sometimes known as female circumcision or female cutting).
• FGM includes any procedure which alters, harms or removes any part of the female genitalia. It has no medical benefit but an estimated 100-140 million women are living with its consequences.
• The procedure is usually carried out on young girls (between infancy and the age of 15).
• The procedure is often carried within communities with no medical care - there is usually no pain killers and equipment is normally unsterilised and may include pieces of glass or razor blades. - 1061.4 What are the short-term health consequences of FGM?Severe pain
Shock
Hemorrhage (bleeding)
Tetanus/Sepsis
Urine retention
Open sores in the genital region
Injury to nearby genital tissue - 1071.4 What are the long-term consequence of FGM?Recurrent bladder infections
Cysts
Infertility
An increased risk of childbirth implications and newborn deaths
The need for later surgeries-stitching has to be opened for sexual intercourse or childbirth and so sometimes it is restitched after this - 1081.4 Define glass ceiling in terms of employment of womenAn imaginary pay scale or promotion that women find hard to go pass because of a bias towards male employees.
- 1091.4 What are the causes of women not achieving the top managerial positions?Women being behind men in terms of entering university or workplace
Women leaving work to have a baby before achieving top managerial positions - 1101.4 What are some of the least and most gender equal countries?Most: Finland, Norway, Iceland
Least: Yemen, Afghanistan, Niger - 1111.4 Mention facts of women's legal rights and land tenureIn Bangladesh women still only inherit half as much as their brothers.
On the death of their husband, women often lose the right to the land they owned with their husband
In monarchies, men are nearly always favoured when it comes to the selection of the next heir
In the UK only a queen is chosen if she has no other brothers
In Thailand, there are only male heirs to the throne.
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